tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50789202169320137132024-03-18T21:24:02.109-04:00Popke - BlogSteven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.comBlogger1029125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-71799231500890109922024-03-18T00:00:00.003-04:002024-03-18T21:23:29.194-04:00State of the Farm, March 2024<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnp5Sx8D1QchIsFDhl7wkyyw05xIRtx74ndC8XzyoP_fQxLxyu0YnmsAVMNeICLIaIKhOu_ZnRvRr_zKN9e3Siu0KxIWtgrc5rVYnMTQpnQMdAOu1mRMe90Zi1Ju7s0dA-ZfuubVGdMK1dCiMTZGIS_2PC_rq8IXYJOIMayEkL57SA8fICCfc78XvVmxAZ/s4032/20240317-Before.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnp5Sx8D1QchIsFDhl7wkyyw05xIRtx74ndC8XzyoP_fQxLxyu0YnmsAVMNeICLIaIKhOu_ZnRvRr_zKN9e3Siu0KxIWtgrc5rVYnMTQpnQMdAOu1mRMe90Zi1Ju7s0dA-ZfuubVGdMK1dCiMTZGIS_2PC_rq8IXYJOIMayEkL57SA8fICCfc78XvVmxAZ/w196-h110/20240317-Before.jpg" width="196" /></a></div><br />I like this time of the year. We’re just starting to pull
together what we’ll be doing this year. We’ve been going over seed catalogs and
looking at plants since the first of the year.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH3b_1fYIrQh95eOpQoy_TkiJqwwK8w6w-7KgRcSvWGhha3VKBikYlbe8Bm4UfxN-Ya0h0g1iDoZVPKKE5_ihyphenhyphenrUV1HLKsWRwYCIVt1CytCXyXgu6hADdunu5dEeHgn1wThcyjCW3MdG92PtSrNY_z1eeaNB8dVnzpbLm0RRGZkr6MFjUhSHqbEmqZmMlR/s4032/20240317-after.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH3b_1fYIrQh95eOpQoy_TkiJqwwK8w6w-7KgRcSvWGhha3VKBikYlbe8Bm4UfxN-Ya0h0g1iDoZVPKKE5_ihyphenhyphenrUV1HLKsWRwYCIVt1CytCXyXgu6hADdunu5dEeHgn1wThcyjCW3MdG92PtSrNY_z1eeaNB8dVnzpbLm0RRGZkr6MFjUhSHqbEmqZmMlR/w195-h110/20240317-after.jpg" width="195" /></a></div><br />But, even more than that, there’s a certain blasted look to
a New England landscape after winter. The snow has flattened the grass. The rot
has settled into the garden where we didn’t prepare in the fall. This is the
time of year where we start to remedy all that. In that blasted landscape lies
infinite possibility.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the two pictures above, the first is a before where I
pulled out an old arbor—visible as a black structure—and cleaned up a pair of
grape vines. The after picture is the resulting new arbor made from cattle
fencing panels.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We’ve been doing a lot with these panels for a few reasons. For
one, there are a lot of things we like to grow that benefit from trellising and
cattle fencing panels make good trellises. Last year we grew beans, cucumbers,
and melons on them with good success. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For another, we’re moving away from perhaps the more
attractive wooden trellises and arbors in favor of metal. This is mainly
because metal structures outlast wooden ones. The wooden arbor in the
background is about twenty years old and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>needs to be replaced. The cattle fence arbor in the foreground of the
second picture should outlive me. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We’ve decided against doing runner beans again. They grew
well but I’m not happy with the taste. We’ll replace them with more pole beans.
In addition, we want to grow pinto beans. We found a source of good beans with <a href="https://www.baersbest.com/">Baer’s Best Beans</a>. Pintos can be raised
as either a half-pole bean or a bush bean. We tried them last year without success
but I think that was because I asked too much from the plantings inside the arbors. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We’re going to try a succession planting with early spring
peas, followed by beans, followed by fall peas. I very much like pea soup. This
will give the trellis double duty.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We’re going to try sugar beets again—in spite of the failure
from last year. We tried to make sure from them but the impurities in extract
made it hard to manage temperature. I ended up with a taffy that tasted like
grass. Not great. This year we’re going to attempt to filter the syrup and see
if that helps.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We have two new fruit plants, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji">goji berry</a> and a new kiwi. We’re
still talking about where to put them. Turns out Wendy had ordered a new kiwi
for the kiwi/grape arbor and I’d forgotten when I picked one up at Tractor
Supply. The goji berry will replace a Manchurian apricot that wasn’t doing
well.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We finally processed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mespilus_germanica">medlars</a> we
harvested last year. In previous years we would get one or two. But last year
we got more than a dozen. We tried to turn them into jam but the temperature
got away from us and they ended up being a very tasty soft candy—more of a
taffy, really. Maybe this fall we can bit the bullet and make hard candy out of
them.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">One experiment we’re trying is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalis">goldberries</a> or groundcherries.
These are a member of the tomatillo family only much, much sweeter. More like a
berry than a tomatillo. We had some this winter from the market and they were
quite tasty. More to try.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">One thing we’ve been trying to do is move away from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_seed">hybrid seeds</a>. Hybrid seeds
come from cross breeding two different varieties. Often, the result is quite
strong but they do not breed true in the second generation and consequently are
no good for seed saving—which we are trying to do. Heirloom seeds are usually
not hybrid. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have to be careful,
though. The reason people generate hybrid seeds is they often have good disease
resistance or other valuable qualities the varieties themselves don’t have. It
doesn’t make sense to get a nice heirloom cabbage only to see it eaten by pests
because it has no resistance. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The alternative is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_pollination">open pollinated seeds</a>.
This means that they breed true when pollinated with each other. But that has
its own issues. If you plant one open pollinated variety of corn next to a
second open pollinated variety, the result can be a hybrid—defeating the reason
you started this confusion. We have a couple of varieties of the same vegetable
and we’ll have to plant them far enough apart the wind and insects don’t cross
between them.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We invested again in more <a href="https://birdiesgardenproducts.com/">Birdie Beds</a> this year. Two more
big ones to replace a long raised bed that has finally rotted away. We like
them a lot for many of the same reasons we’ve been moving to metal trellises
and arbors. In addition, they are tall enough I don’t have to bend down to work
them. I’m getting less flexible every year.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">That’s the news. Now, it’s time to go out there and start preparing
(ripping apart) the garden for spring.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-27942745506396565662024-03-04T00:00:00.001-05:002024-03-04T00:00:00.140-05:00Teeth<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_tooth_diagram-en.svg/1024px-Human_tooth_diagram-en.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="800" height="103" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_tooth_diagram-en.svg/1024px-Human_tooth_diagram-en.svg.png" width="129" /></a></div><br />I decided to talk about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth">teeth</a> today for purely personal
reasons.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Teeth are a structure unique to vertebrates. There are
similar feeding structures in some invertebrates. Some molluscs have a tongue-like
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula">radula</a> that is studded with
chitinous bits that serve a similar function. But these bear no embryonic
relationship with vertebrate teeth.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth">tooth</a></i>
is a hard structure in the jaw or mouth of vertebrates possessing them. Some
have deep roots as in mammals. Some do not. They use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentin">dentine</a> as a hard structure
that is often capped with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel">enamel</a>.
Teeth development is quite different among the different vertebrate classes.
Turtles and birds have lost their teeth, replacing them with what is assumed to
be a less expensive alternative: beaks. In both turtles and birds, there was an
evolutionary stage where both beak and teeth coexisted. Later, tooth growth was
inhibited and only the beak remained. Interestingly, the platypus has no adult
teeth but has an egg tooth similar to reptiles and birds to aid in hatching.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Once teeth were introduced to vertebrates, they were subject
to natural selection and from that an enormous variation reflecting form and
function. It is clear that carnivores have sharp, tearing teeth and herbivores
have flat grinding teeth, though this is a serious simplification. However,
there can be no natural selection without natural variation. One can deduce
that since natural variation has been so well rewarded across vertebrates that
variation in tooth expression has been preserved. You can’t get sharp tooth
carnivores and flat tooth herbivores if there isn’t variation in tooth form for
natural selection to act on.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The scales of sharks, called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_scale#Placoid_scales">dermal denticles</a>,
and their teeth derive from the same embryological mechanism. Both have an
interior cavity surrounded by dentine, a blood supply, and a nerve. This is one
basis of the <i><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0326">outside-in</a></i>
hypothesis of tooth origin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
alternative hypothesis, the <i>inside-out</i> idea, is shown with extinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodermi">placoderms</a>, who have
tooth-like structures in their palate. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mammals have a single jawbone, the mandible. Reptile jaws
are made up of several different bones. The bones of the mammalian middle ear
derive from those jaw bones in the reptile. Consequently, one would expect
significant variation in tooth development. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lizards have <i>acrodont</i> or <i>pleurodont</i> teeth. (See
<a href="https://a-z-animals.com/blog/lizard-teeth-everything-you-need-to-know/">here</a>.)
Acrodont teeth are sharp and pointy. They’re not attached strongly to the bone.
Lizards, for example, do not have tooth sockets. (See <a href="https://lafeber.com/vet/understanding-reptile-dental-anatomy-clinical-applications/">here</a>.)
Acrodont teeth are usually not replaced. Eventually, as the teeth wear, the
biting surface becomes the underlying bone.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pleurodont teeth have long roots. They are attached directly
to the cheek side of the jawbone but not the tongue side. They are held in
place with ligaments. While they are more strongly attached to the jawbone,
they are not <i>that</i> strongly attached. Those big teeth on the Komodo
Dragon Lizard? Pleurodont teeth. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are ancient, extinct reptiles with complex tooth
forms. (See <i>Priosphenodon</i> <a href="https://scitechdaily.com/ancient-reptile-had-mammal-like-tooth-enamel-strangest-teeth-ever-seen/">here</a>.)
These have similar complexity to mammalian teeth with dentine and enamel caps.
These <i>could</i> have been inherited since mammals and reptiles diverged long
ago. This is likely a case of convergent evolution in that selective pressures
triggered <i>Priosphenodons</i> to come up with similar structures. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Crocodiles, on the other hand, have socketed teeth similar
to mammals. As do dinosaurs. This kind of dentition is referred to as <i>thecodont</i>,
and used to refer to the stem reptiles from which dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and
crocodilians derived. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Amphibians often have teeth though some frogs and other
groups have lost them. Those teeth that remain are either in the rear of the
mouth or the front and are small. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349096519_Rampant_tooth_loss_across_200_million_years_of_frog_evolution/download">Amphibians</a>
have lost and re-evolved teeth several times over the last 200 million years.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Which brings us to mammalian teeth. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">As I said before, mammals lost the complex lower jaw of reptiles,
using a single bone, the mandible act as a jaw bone. Other bones of the jaw
migrated to new locations and purposes or were lost entirely. Unlike lizards,
mammalian teeth have deep roots, embedded in the mandible and surrounded by
bone on all sides. It takes a significant effort to remove a mammalian tooth
from the socket. I have personal experience with this.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Often, mammals are <i>diphyodonts</i>—they produce two sets
of teeth in the organism’s lifetime. In humans, these are the baby teeth and
the adult teeth. Monophylodonts have a single set of teeth for the organism.
Polyphyodonts have more than two. Some are a blend. <a href="https://leozoo.org/elephant-teeth/">Elephants</a>, for example, have a
baby tooth tusk that is dropped and replaced by a permanent tusk. The tusk
represents the incisor of mammal teeth. The elephant has six sets of four
molars. As one wears down, it is replaced.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Humans—and, by extension, other primates—are typical mammals
with diphyodont teeth. In our history, like many groups, we’ve had vegetarian
relatives (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla">gorillas</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan">orangutans</a>) and
omnivores (humans and chimps.) Their teeth reflect that difference. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">One would think that primitive human beings would have died
out long before now because of the way their teeth <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay">decay</a>. Decay requires a
tooth surface, the appropriate bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and time. The
latter two might have been in shorter supply in ancient human beings. I.e., fewer
sugars and a shorter lifespan. This suggests farming might have been the
problem.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">However, a 15,000 year old find in <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/06/tooth-decay-archaeology/4307319/">Morocco</a>,
long before farming, gives evidence otherwise. This find showed that they were
eating a particularly soft species of acorn that becomes sticky when cooked. Sweet
material adhering to the teeth—well, you get the idea. Dental hygiene was not
well known at the time. Long before, back in the days of <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ancient-teeth-reveal-our-roots-180969495/">Lucy</a>,
there was a shift in diet that caused a change in our ancestors’ teeth. (See
also <a href="https://pages.vassar.edu/realarchaeology/2022/09/25/dental-archaeology-how-the-examination-of-excavated-teeth-contributes-to-knowledge/">here</a>,
<a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/ancient-wisdom-what-tooth-decay-can-tell-us-about-past">here</a>,
and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-019-0737-1">here</a>.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I close with a quote from Jonathan Swift: “I’m as old as my
tongue and a little older than my teeth.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-23538216166441877752024-02-19T00:00:00.001-05:002024-02-19T00:00:00.300-05:00End of Life<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezW4caaKC00sVu_A1ybBjJk4rztX9Z0kV23JNNNqMAFld1BPupraQ2G1AGgEvVq_Rf2MUnrE-j_V4iHAJAc69iYVNq3yMgcSvvgVUHBJcHy0fkYZG3Tu0Ys-IDTjpXEgf2rLzM-aCcKyGQ3YKzvv_-39Amy8mMqWA9w79uUgFI0RCzsC8z_7Iy8zZusKs/s4032/Penny03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="67" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezW4caaKC00sVu_A1ybBjJk4rztX9Z0kV23JNNNqMAFld1BPupraQ2G1AGgEvVq_Rf2MUnrE-j_V4iHAJAc69iYVNq3yMgcSvvgVUHBJcHy0fkYZG3Tu0Ys-IDTjpXEgf2rLzM-aCcKyGQ3YKzvv_-39Amy8mMqWA9w79uUgFI0RCzsC8z_7Iy8zZusKs/w119-h67/Penny03.jpg" width="119" /></a></div><br />(Picture of Penny, 5/08/2023)<p></p><p> </p><p>We have a small dog in the family, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih_Tzu">shih tzu</a> that we adopted as a
rescue about thirteen years ago. This coming April, Penny will be seventeen
years old. She was originally named “Princess” but that name just didn’t wash
in the household. We renamed her Penny, keeping the hard “P” consonant to make
the transition easier. </p><p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We had lost all the animals in the household in just a short
time. Our two cats, Nadine and Grover, died within a week of one another. We
were without animal companionship for a year. Trauma takes time to overcome.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, we were over at <a href="https://www.mspca.org/medical-centers/angell-animal-medical-center-boston/">Angell
Memorial Hospital</a> looking at cats. I had pretty much finished looking over
the cats but my wife and son were still considering them. I looked out the
window and saw someone taking out a small dog to be walked. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I had grown up with dogs. My wife had never had one. As a
family, we had tried one a few years prior—a hyperallergenic dog named Tucker.
This was when we found out my wife was allergic to dogs when her breathing
started to shut down. Ben was heartbroken but stood for it: one mother vs one
dog wasn’t a hard choice for him. That was where it stood as I watched the
little dog. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">While the dog was out there in the field, I left my wife and
son and looked at other dogs in the facility. It was pretty much pit bull city
as far as the eye could see. I went back to the side entrance where people were
taking the dogs in and out of the play area and waited until the small dog was
returned. Then, I asked if I could take the dog out.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">They were dubious. “Princess” had not been brought into the
system. But they were kind enough to let me and I walked her out in the grass.
“Princess” was a nice dog. Pleasant. Attentive. A hypoallergenic breed. Small
enough that I wasn’t worried about her hurting anyone accidentally. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I have an ironclad rule about dogs. They are not to hurt
anyone. Period. It’s too much to expect of an animal with a brain the size of a
child’s fist to navigate the human world. If the human doesn’t have complete
control of the animal, the human shouldn’t have the animal. I felt this way
when we bread collies when I was in high school and it has never changed. It
certainly didn’t change when my son was attacked by a pit bull that had been
retained as “protection” by the dog’s owner. I don’t blame the pit bull. I blame
the owner.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">But “Princess” would be hard-pressed to maul an orange, much
less a human, so I wasn’t worried.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I sat with her a while and she crawled up into my lap and
said in dog: <i>I’m okay with coming home with you if you’re okay with it.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I introduced “Princess” to my wife and son, both of which
proceeded to melt. “Princess” excelled at that. We adopted her and that was
pretty much that for the next thirteen years. My son went from middle school to
high school to college and now to work. Penny consoled and comforted him
whenever he was home. I pretty much credit my wife and Penny with getting him
through high school trauma and college. I was the enabling technology but not
the direct support. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Now she is sixteen. Seventeen in April. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Age is a step function with each step going downward.
Starting three weeks ago, Penny took a step. She stopped eating. She lost
weight. We’ve been trying to get her back level again with medication but this
is a stage in life where we have to look at the miserableness/joy ratio: is she
too miserable that there is no joy left in her life? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Dogs—and cats, I admit—have a special place in the family.
They are not human. If I had to choose between my dog and my child, the choice
would be hard but inevitable. That said, that makes them no less a member of
the family. They are loved no less. I expect if I were demented and drooling,
my family would have to make a DNR choice about me. Hopefully, they will treat
me with the same kindness. Also, hopefully, I will treat them with as much
kindness as Penny has.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We’re in that state now. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Every day we’ve been watching her: did she slip or is this
an improvement? If an improvement, can it be sustained? Or is this just an
illusion masking the slow slide downhill? With our other end-of-life animals,
it was either sudden loss (as Nadine and Grover just died on our hands) or the
animal let us know. Not, “I’m ready to die.” I think that is human projection.
More like, “Please make it stop.” Penny hasn’t made herself that clear. We have
to be very clear-eyed about this and not project onto her our desire to keep
her around for our own benefit.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Humans are pretty long-lived. There are few animal
companions we have that we won’t outlive. (We have two tortoises that will most
certainly outlive us and considerations have been made.) End of life for them
is a problem we have to face for them, deciding for them when it’s too painful
to continue. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">For me, at least, it’s even more poignant with dogs. Cats
are still pretty close to wild. They are far more independent and seem clearer
that when they are done with life, they are <i>done</i>. This is my own
subjective view but it is based on my experience. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">It appears that dogs diverged from wolves and started
hanging with humans more than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog">30,000</a> years
ago. The earliest possible domestication is 23,000 years ago and the earliest
evidence they were part of the family was the Bon-Oberkassel dog found in a
grave dated 14+ thousand years ago. Dogs didn’t get dragged in like cattle.
They <i>volunteered</i>. It is my opinion that dogs domesticated us every bit
as much as we domesticated them. I think they opened up potential in us that
enabled us to live together as we never had before. Agriculture, cities,
castles, and pyramids happened <i>after</i> dogs domesticated us. Not before. I
don’t think that’s a coincidence.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">A dog in the family comes from a heritage as deep as fifteen
hundred generations. It doesn’t surprise me that we bury them with honors. That
we shed tears when they leave us. That we grieve over them for years. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Penny has gotten a little better in the last few days. She’s
eating without the aid of medication. Not enough but some. She seems a little
stronger. We’re hopeful she may weather this storm. But the step has been
taken. Penny of March 2024 will not be the Penny of May 2023. The end may not
be this time but the end is now in sight. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We’re enjoying her company as long as we can. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-85564187610300353002024-01-15T00:00:00.001-05:002024-01-15T00:00:00.181-05:00Arisia: Graphic Novels of Prose Works<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Nausicaa2p121.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="375" height="105" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Nausicaa2p121.jpg" width="148" /></a></div><br />I’m on the Arisia panel: <i>Beyond Classics Illustrated—Comic
Book Adaptations of Prose Works</i>.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now, I would prefer that this be <i>Graphic Novel
Adaptations of Prose Works</i>. But you can’t have everything.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By the time you read this, Arisia will be over and I’ll be
home in the shop or something. But, let’s get on with it.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’ve read comics pretty much my entire life. Some of them
were <i>Classics Illustrated</i>. CI wasn’t bad—I liked it as a kid. But the “classics”
that were illustrated weren’t generally works that I needed to see illustrated
since I read them myself such as <i>Little Women</i>, <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>,
etc. (I had issues with <i>Huckleberry Finn</i> but then I have issues with all
adaptations of <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>. Someday, I’ll do a post about it.)
Works that I didn’t read on my own, I didn’t necessarily need to read
illustrated since they didn’t hold my interest—I’m looking at you, <i>Ivanhoe</i>. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All that said, it does seem fertile ground for an
adaptation. In the interest of research, I read the following graphic novel
adaptations of prose material with which I was familiar:</p><ul><li class="MsoNormal"><i>1984: The Graphic Novel</i>, George Orwell, Fido Nesti</li><li>
<i>To Kill a Mockingbird</i>: A Graphic Novel, Harper Lee,
Fred Fordham</li><li>
<i>The Odyssey</i>: Homer, Gareth Hinds</li><li>
<i>Macbeth</i>: Shakespeare, Gareth Hinds</li><li>
<i>Ringworld</i>: Larry Niven, Robert Mandell/Sean Lam</li><li>
<i>The Stars My Destination</i>: Alfred Bester, Byron
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<p class="MsoNormal">All of these are intended to be full explorations of the
work. They are not reimagining the work but presenting the work as
representative of the original. That said, they <i>are</i> adaptations—as a
film or a play might be. They <i>cannot</i> be the original—the original is available
to be read. I think—I <i>hope—</i>they are intended to present a different
dimension of experience to the original. In addition, I chose these because I
thought they were not works that required the original to be understood.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These are all fine works. They are well-produced and well-illustrated.
Each individual work had an interesting visual approach. In <i>1984,</i> Nesti took
almost an almost Edvard Much approach to the illustration. Howard Chaykin took
a sort of fifties serial illustration approach to <i>The Stars My Destination</i>.
Hinds took a different approach between <i>The Odyssey</i> and <i>Macbeth</i>.
In <i>The Odyssey</i>, the figures looked robust and strong—almost material
ideals though they were clearly real people. However, in <i>Macbeth</i>, the
figures looked more differentiated and less ideal. <i>Ringworld</i> is in a
manga style. Fordham used a sort of Andrew Wyeth sensibility when he drew <i>Mockingbird</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I mention the art
because the visual creation is what’s brought to the table in the graphic
narrative. One is not </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">imagining</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Scout in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mockingbird</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">; one is seeing
her right there on the page. Imagination is not required.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Visual narrative is
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">completely different</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> from prose narrative. I’ve been working on adapting
one of my stories into a comic. The original was 1200 words—barely a story at
all. At this point, the story is twelve pages long and only a little over half
done. Things that could be glossed over in a sentence might take six panels in
a comic. Conversely, a scene that might require 200 words could be shown in a
single panel. It’s a different medium.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This presents the
first hurdle for the visual adaptation: what to leave in. What to leave out.
Does the prose work in the confines of the comic? What to do if it does not.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Film and television
adaptations have similar problems but different tools. For example, the outside
narrator has a long and honored history in comics. Most narrators in films are
at best redundant and at worst distracting. In film/television, the scene has
to show real people in a sequence of time. Sequence—even timing within a given
panel—is under much tighter control in comics. In </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://brunostrip.com/">Bruno</a></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, <a href="http://www.baldwinpage.com/">Chris Baldwin</a> drew nearly
every strip as one long horizontal panel, unbroken by any divisions. He managed
to show both character interaction and the movement of time in a single image. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Given the premises
that 1) the adaptation </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cannot</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> be the original, and 2) the adaptation </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">must</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> stand on its own without requiring the original, how do the example
adaptations measure up?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macbeth</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, and </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Stars My Destination</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
all seem to have a similar problem: they are being </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">too</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> faithful to the
original material. In </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> and </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">TSMD</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, a significant amount
of prose is lifted directly from the original work and entered into the graphic
novel. This means that the reader is getting overlapping information. A lot is
coming from the page—the interior of the broken ship in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">TSMD</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> and Winston’s apartment in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1984</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">—and a lot is coming from the embedded
prose. It feels conflicted. I see the Winston’s apartment. I don’t need to see
it described. I see the Foyle’s ship. I don’t need it to be described. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">What I </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">want</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is the information I’m getting from the imagery and the information I’m
getting from the prose (if any) to complement one another. Not repeat and not
conflict. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macbeth</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> has a similar problem—we read Shakespeare
for the language as much as anything else. A graphic novel of a Shakespeare
play without the beautiful dialog doesn’t seem to have much point. That said,
it seemed to me that a graphic novel of </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macbeth</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> should go where a
play wants to but can’t. Not sure Hinds’ effort did that for me. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Hinds was more
successful with </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. The work was still dialog-heavy but in
this case, the characters were all talking to each other. I do think he would
have been better off leaning more on the visuals and less on the prose. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mockingbird</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is much better. There is some narrative
prose but not all that much of it—some could have been cut but that’s just me.
Lee’s book contains a great deal of dialog which transposes well to the graphic
novel form. Most of the prose Lee uses is to set the scene and that is well
done with Fordham’s art. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Finally, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ringworld</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. The art/prose balance is very good here. There’s a bit of leading
prose to set up the Known Space concept—it worried me when I started it. But it
disappears pretty quickly. That said, I don’t like the art. This is not an
objective observation. I just didn’t like it. Adaptation’s good. Dialog is
good. Hits the story points properly. But I kept getting bogged down in the
actual visual character representations. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I think the first issue
to be handled with any visual representation of a prose work—be it film,
television, or comic—is if the art works for the reader. As I said in the very
beginning, comics are primarily a visual medium. If the eyes don’t like the
work, you can stop there. That is an entirely subjective—and I suspect,
unconscious—response. For example, I like the roughness of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki">Miyazaki’s</a> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)">Nausicaä</a></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> manga. It’s very different from the smooth
imagery of the film.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is one thing
one can get from just looking at the work. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The second hurdle
is how to represent the prose work structurally. As is pretty obvious from what
I’ve said previously, I’m in favor of letting the art do the heavy lifting.
There’s a lot of narrative description and observation that can just be shown
rather than told. That said, artistically, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">showing</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> appears to be much
more difficult and requires a higher level of creativity than </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telling.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Too much telling turns the comic into illustrated prose. That’s fine
but I don’t think it’s the goal. <a href="https://www.moser-pennyroyal.com/">Barry
Moser</a> is one of the finest illustrators I’ve ever seen but his work is
absolutely dependent on the surrounding text. I think graphic novels should be
something different.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The third hurdle is
the same as for any visual media: how to visually represent the characters. I
consider this separate from the artistic approach of the work. Chaykin’s choice
to represent </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">TSMD</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> with a retro sensibility is one thing. But
how he chooses to draw Gully Foyle’s face is independent of that. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This problem is addressed
head on in</span> Fordham’s<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mockingbird</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. The strongest image almost anyone has of Atticus Finch is his
portrayal by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck">Gregory Peck</a>
in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)">film</a>.
Peck was six foot/two and towered over many people in the film. Fordham chose
to portray Finch as average sized—in some panels smaller than some of those
around him. The courtroom scenes often show people sitting or from shoulder to
the top of the head, with only a single individual in a given panel. This makes
it </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">impossible</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> for Finch to tower over anyone. His face is
broader than Peck’s and he has the look of an accountant: an ordinary-looking
man containing extraordinary strength of character.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I have a problem
that I have a great deal of trouble transitioning from a film or television
representation of a character to a representation of that same character in a
comic. Spock or James Kirk? Can’t read the comics. Mal from </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Firefly</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. Nope. I think it’s an uncanny valley problem—they look enough like
the human that inspired them that I can’t accept the differences. It’s curious
that I don’t have the same problem with actual people—a comic containing Barack
Obama doesn’t bother me at all. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I had no such
problem with Fordham’s Finch. His Finch could </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> be mistaken for
Gregory Peck. Gold star for Fordham.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In conclusion, do
not let me put you off of any of the works I’ve discussed. These are completely
subjective opinions. They’re mine. They don’t have to be yours. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I’m just pointing
out some considerations.</span></p><br />Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-45291159661097159082024-01-11T21:38:00.002-05:002024-01-11T21:38:38.019-05:00Steven Popkes to be at Arisia this weekend<p> I'll be at <a href="https://www.arisia.org/">Arisia </a>this weekend. I have two panels:</p><p>Saturday, January 13, 2024<br />17:30: Beyond Classics Illustrated – Comic Book Adaptations of Prose Works<br />19:00: Invertebrates and Entomology in SFF<br /></p><p>Come have fun.<br /></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-43664431056517828662024-01-01T00:00:00.001-05:002024-01-01T00:00:00.158-05:00Fossil Fuels: Price at the Pump<p><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Diesel-smoke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="382" height="123" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Diesel-smoke.jpg" width="99" /></a></div><br />I’ve been thinking about how we’re going to get shut of
fossil fuels.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Oh, yeah. Why? We have an increasing carbon dioxide
footprint in the atmosphere. It’s causing the earth to grow warmer than it has
ever been in the history of our species. We have built our civilization based
on that temperature range including housing, food, transportation, and other
infrastructure. With the increase of temperature, all of those adaptations are at
best at risk and at worst doomed. The earth will abide but what we’ve built
will not. The biggest contributor to that CO2 footprint is burning fossil
fuels. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Therefore, <i>stopping</i> the input into the atmosphere is a necessary
first step.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">So...</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">First, a quick overview of the technical issues.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The biggest technical issue is that we have an entire <i>industry</i>
built to supply fossil fuels and an entire economy built to consume them.
Power? Right there with natural gas. Transportation? Cars. Trains. Trucks. Ships.
Construction? Tractors. Backhoes. Bulldozers. Industry? Power, for one. But
also furnaces. Kilns. Forges. Smelting. Ore refining. Mining. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Sure, some of these can convert to electricity. Aluminum
refining is already one of the larger consumers of electric power. But mining?
Heavy construction? All of them are built on fossil fuels. The container ship
bringing your Christmas presents?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I’m pretty sure we can convert light transportation such as
cars and trains to electricity. Pushing the combustion back to a central source
means the source can be transformed from using something like natural gas to
nuclear or renewables. Electricity is fungible.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I’m less sanguine for more intense uses such as air travel, ships,
and construction equipment. That said, Volvo has an <a href="https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/electric-construction-equipment">electric
compact electric excavator</a>. Some electric mining equipment is now available.
I haven’t seen a lithium powered crane yet. And it’s not clear to me what the
duty cycle is. It’s also possible to create artificial fossil fuels that do not
come from petroleum—to me that’s the likely path for things like air travel and
ships. Things that don’t have a ready plug to charge up and expend a <i>lot</i>
of energy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">If we just say that it’s <i>possible</i> that we can replace
all combustion-based systems with electric equivalents, what’s the problem?
Now, we get into the social aspect of things.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The problem is, as always, cost. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">This is where to my mind we have a social issue that is
masquerading as a technical problem. Cost is required currency (read money,
energy, or other like material) in order to cause an action. Filling up the
Buick to drive to Grandma’s house represents the required currency to visit
Grandma. The monetary representation of that is the numeric quantification of
that cost commonly called price. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The problem is that quantification. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1123108797/planet-money-breaks-down-the-price-of-a-gallon-of-gasoline">cost
of a tank of gas</a> is the cost of the drilling process, transportation and
refinement of the crude, transportation of the gasoline to the station. It
includes the maintenance of the equipment to process all of them. It includes a
bit of profit for each stage of the process. There’s a tiny amount to maintain
the roads embedded in the final cost. So, if you’re up here in Massachusetts
and paying $3.09/gallon (which I just did), about 9% of that went to fix those
potholes. It works out to barely <a href="https://massbudget.org/reports/pdf/Gas%20tax%20-What%20is%20it%20&%20who%20pays%20(2020)%20FINAL.pdf">ten
percent</a> of what Massachusetts spends on transportation. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">What that $3.09 does <i>not</i> include is the remaining 90%
for transportation, the cost of cleaning up oil spills, CO2 emissions, health
effects of CO2 and non-CO2 emissions, effects on the food supply, and the rebuilding
from climate-change caused storms. These are <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality">external costs</a></i>—costs not
borne by the producer of the product. The cost of CO2 is not borne by the
producer of the product that creates the CO2, either the user of the fossil
fuel consuming product or the producer of the fossil fuel itself. Essentially,
both the producers of fossil fuels and the products that consume them get these
external costs for free. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Sometimes, external costs are good things. Roads and bridges
are a good example. In this case, society has made a decision that the benefits
of having roads and bridges are of sufficient value that the costs are better
absorbed by society as a whole. That’s a good example but I have a better one.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Unlike most countries, the USA does not require most airports
to charge landing fees. (It’s a little different for large airports like Boston
or Chicago. This applies more to mid-to-small-sized airports.) If I am a
student pilot in Canada and I want to do a set of practice landings, I have to
pay for each one. Not in the United States. The natural consequence of this is
that student pilots do a lot more practice landings in the USA than in Canada.
The FAA made the conscious choice that this was a good thing and decided that
absorbing the external cost of practice landings was worth it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">However, usually external costs are <i>not</i> good things. The
societal costs of smoking were not borne by tobacco companies until they were
forced to by the courts. Similarly, the health costs of patients with mercury poisoning
from coal power plants, their lost revenue, and the trauma to their families is
an <i>external cost</i>—not borne by the coal power plants. The increasing
destruction by storms, floods, and sea level rise caused by rising CO2 are <i>external
costs</i> not borne by fossil fuel manufacturers or fossil fuel burners even
though they are responsible for that CO2.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I went and tried to find out what the <i>true</i> cost of
gasoline was including these externalities. One <a href="https://time.com/6160256/gas-prices-climate-cost/">article</a> I read
suggested it would more or less double the cost/gallon. Another <a href="https://qz.com/355923/if-we-paid-for-the-hidden-cost-of-emissions-gas-would-be-6-25-a-gallon">article</a>
suggested closer to three times. Personally, I think these are underestimates.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Regardless, these indicate that the <i>actual</i> cost of gasoline—incorporating
environmental and health costs—would be much, much higher than we’re experiencing.
Forget the <a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/08/24/fossil-fuel-subsidies-surged-to-record-7-trillion">direct
subsidies</a> to the fossil fuel industry, they also get a subsidy in the form
of these external costs. I bet if the construction industry had to choose between
a somewhat more expensive electric bulldozer and a cheaper one that costs twice
as much to operate, that calculus might be interesting. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">A similar sort of economic approach to the Tesla semi-truck
was <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKXBpZbsFZ4">analyzed</a> here,
indicating the economics of repair along with cheaper electricity could make
the Tesla superior to traditional diesel trucks, provided the supporting infrastructure
was done correctly. This would be an even better outcome if the actual cost of diesel
was included in the calculations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">A significant part of the problem, then, is these hidden, external
costs. We <i>think</i> we’re paying the right price for gasoline but we are, in
fact, subsidizing the health and environmental costs of that gasoline. We are
either ignoring the cost, hoping it will go away, or pushing the cost onto a
societal mechanism like government or the courts—not the most efficient
mechanism.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We could incorporate those costs into the price of the
product. Given that we’ve ignored this issue for over a century, it would be
painful to just do it now. But I think there’s an interesting side effect. Let’s
say that we phase in these costs over a long period in the form of fuel taxes. That
tax can be used to subsidize the cost of EV purchase. In addition, the EV (or
electric construction equipment) owner will never have to pay the tax. We could
even have intelligent pricing at the pump by gas mileage, where the vehicle
class drives the amount of tax paid for by the owner. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">This would push the cost of the product back on both the
producer and consumer of the product. This is not at all unheard of. Recognizing
an external cost as the price of doing business is something that happens all
the time. It’s called regulation. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">That tax revenue doesn’t have to be spent by the government
directly. Governments rarely do anything themselves. Instead, they sub-contract
out. There’s no reason the fossil fuel corporations couldn’t bid for a
remediation contract like anyone else. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I just had this lovely vision of Exxon and BP bidding for a
contract to reforest the <a href="https://www.fractracker.org/2022/01/introducing-fractrackers-comprehensive-new-pennsylvania-map/">fracking
fields of Pennsylvania</a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-22536481553810697282023-12-04T17:37:00.001-05:002023-12-04T17:37:00.266-05:00Cheese Ends, 2023/12/04<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ekobot_hero_1-800x450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="62" src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ekobot_hero_1-800x450.jpg" width="111" /></a></div><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">We can’t talk about anything in science and technology
without talking about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_2">second
Starship launch</a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/11/mother-plucker-steel-fingers-guided-by-ai-pluck-weeds-rapidly-and-autonomously/">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I found this one much more exciting than the last one for a
few reasons:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>The launch pad didn’t disintegrate and toss material around for miles</li><li>Separation actually happened using a reasonable approach.</li><li>Both components of the craft more or less performed.</li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Musk has said that the idea is to move fast and break
things, learning in the process. That said, this means the process is entered
with at least a nod towards something adequately thought out to be tested. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The
first starship launch, in my opinion, didn’t rise to that level.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">This launch, however, did.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Starship is a two-stage <i>enormous</i> space system. It’s
the first system that <i>I</i> think is a contender for the role originally
held by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V">Saturn V</a>. (At two
billion dollars+/launch, I don’t think the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System">SLS</a> is a real
competitor.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The thrust for the first stage is far and away the most built
by Americans. Here are some comparison numbers:</p>
<ul><li class="MsoNormal">Russia Proton: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)">2,399 kN</a></li><li>
Space Shuttle: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle">13,000 kN</a></li><li>
Saturn V: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V">34,500
kN</a></li><li>
SLS: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System">39,000 kN</a></li><li>
<b>Starship</b>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy">74,000 kN</a></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal">Starship needs that thrust for its payload capacity:</p>
<ul><li class="MsoNormal">Russian Proton: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)">23,700 kg</a></li><li>
Shuttle: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle">27,500 kg</a></li><li>
Saturn V: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V">141,136
kg</a></li><li>
SLS: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System">131,818 kg</a></li><li>
<b>Starship</b>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_2">100,000
kg</a></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal">Although, these numbers are little misleading. The design of
the first stage of Starship is to get the second stage where it’s going. The
second stage is the actual spacecraft with reentry capabilities. Thus, that
100,000 kg payload is payload in <i>addition</i> to the reentry vehicle. In
this manner, Starship is more comparable to the Space Shuttle. In the case of
the Saturn V, SLS, and Proton, the payload has to include the reentry vehicle.
Thus, the true payload would be whatever is being sent up into space minus the
coast of the vehicle to get it there. Starship payload doesn’t need to include
that.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">If Starship is successful, it’s a big change. It doesn’t
hurt that Starship is reusable, uses a relatively innocuous chemical process
for thrust, and is intended to be a really cheap method to deliver payloads to
space. It’s a good example of the economy of scale. Sort of like freight
trains: they are already so massive that adding a bit more doesn’t cost all
that much. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">A lot rides on Starship’s success.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The launch happened. The stages separated. A few seconds
later as the booster was trying to get situated for return, it exploded. The
second stage proceeded for a few seconds more. There was some kind of gas cloud
that showed up and then Starship, the spacecraft, was no more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">What happened is still under investigation. Current
hypotheses are: the booster had progressive engine failures causing an
explosion. Possibly because it was unable to effectively impart directed thrust
so the liquid propellant and oxidizer could be properly pushed into position
within the effectively weightless structure. The spacecraft (second stage) aborted
possibly due to propellant leaks that would have prevented it from reaching its
target.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">So: work fast and break things. <i>This</i> launch fulfills
that <a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Starship_Test_Flies_Higher_SpaceX_Marks_Progress_Despite_Late_Test_Incident_999.html">goal</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The terminations aside: launch was good. Separation was
good. Texas had no concrete chunk rain as from the first launch. Basic goals
were achieved even if the mission was unsuccessful. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Color me cautiously optimistic. I would still like to have an
additional option than Starship to launch with. Especially, with someone as
volatile as Musk in “charge.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Moving on with more space news.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://earthsky.org/space/glaciers-on-mercury-salt-glaciers-geology-astrobiology/">Salt
glaciers</a> have been detected on... Mercury? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">These fall from the same sort of thing discovered in the
polar craters of the Moon. There’s evidence of water ice in permanently
shielded craters on the poles of Mercury. Not <i>ice</i> ice but glaciers made
of salt exposed via meteoric impacts. It’s possible volatiles (read water)
might still be there. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">These are big, too. Several miles deep. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">More on salt, <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/ganymede-salts-organics-juno/">Ganymede</a>
may be covered in salt and organic material. This came from the Juno mission
currently orbiting Jupiter. There’s some evidence that Ganymede, like some of
the other ice moons, might have a deep ocean. Spectroscopic analysis from a
recent Juno flyby has shown hydrated sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, and
organic (i.e., containing carbon) material. They might have originated from
inside of Ganymede in a similar fashion to spouts seen on Europa. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">A <a href="https://www.marsdaily.com/reports/AI_Chemist_creates_Mars_compatible_oxygen_catalyst_from_meteorites_999.html">Chinese
AI</a> trained in chemistry has discovered an oxygen catalyst that could be
made from meteorites. This catalyst can be used to trigger the oxygen evolution
reaction (OER) that delivers oxygen to be used. Best of all, the meteorites in
question are on Mars and the OER is against Martian soil. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Maybe we <i>can</i> live off the land there.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Moving from outer to inner space, there are new studies on
microbes found <i>within</i> the earth’s crust. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">These <a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Minimalist_or_maximalist_The_life_of_a_microbe_a_mile_underground_999.html">microbes</a>
used to be thought rare but it’s now thought that if we weighed all the
microbes in the earth’s crust they would show a greater biomass than all life
in the oceans. There’s something <i>alive</i> down there.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The study has been examining the strategies used by these
microbes to survive. It turns out there are two basic approaches: <i>minimalist</i>,
where a microbe survives by eating the same thing all the time. And <i>maximalist</i>,
where a microbe is ready to eat anything anytime. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The cost/benefit of both approaches is interesting. The
minimalist approach doesn’t need to invest in a lot of different biochemical
machinery because it’s only eating one thing. Hopefully, it doesn’t run out.
That’s the bet that microbe has made.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The maximalist approach bets that a lot of different
material will show up and it will be ready. But the cost is that it has to keep
around a lot of different biochemical machinery to be ready when the food shows
up. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Once you have life, it gets into everything. One wonders
what might be on Mars.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">There’s no understood mechanism on where these deep microbes
came from. It presumes that plate tectonics and the reabsorption of rock under
the crust is their source. It is highly unlikely they evolved there.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>However</i>, (and the however here is mine) there is some
new research on <a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Minimalist_or_maximalist_The_life_of_a_microbe_a_mile_underground_999.html">prebiotic
biochemical pathways</a>. These are biochemical reactions that resemble living
systems but don’t require living systems to work. The cited article is
describing sugar reactions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">There are a number of biochemically active compounds that all
have to be in place for life to happen: nucleic acid chains, proto-proteins,
and sugars. Specifically, pentoses: sugars that are made up of five carbons.
These are <i>everywhere</i> in living systems. Prebiotic pentose reactions are
an integral, and often overlooked, area of research. They are eclipsed by their
celebrity cousins, proteins and nucleic acids.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">What I find interesting here is that we always talk about
life starting up on the effective surface of earth—sea bottoms are part of the
earth’s surface. There’s a lot of problems with that scenario, notably how do
we keep proto-life from getting swept away. But if the reactions are captured
and brought underground, they are isolated enough that they can’t be diluted. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">It’s an interesting idea—not likely, you understand. I would
expect to see cells or cellular debris coming up from undersea smokers if that
were the case. That said, rock is often exposed after it’s been pushed
underground. It doesn’t seem unlikely that some of that exposed rock could
contain cells. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Going on from that, <a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Earth_bacteria_could_make_lunar_soil_more_habitable_for_plants_999.html">Chinese
agricultural scientists</a> have been working to determine of bacteria could
make lunar regolith more like soil. Specifically, they were studying if
bacteria could free up phosphorous that could then be taken up by plants. They’ve
had significant success. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Lunar regolith is a big impediment to lunar settlements. It’s
electrostatic so it gets into everything. It’s made up of essentially
not-so-ground glass. Its compounds are not easily picked up by earth plants.
So, since we’re not going to seed the Moon with prairie soil from Kansas, we
need to make it work for us. This is a step in the right direction.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Finally, we get back on earth with new agribot technology.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I’ve been watching this for a while now. We need to get away
from chemical-based farming yet we can’t feed billions of people without
industrial scale. The idea of killing everything we don’t want so we can eat
the survivor isn’t sustainable.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Enter Sweden’s <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/11/mother-plucker-steel-fingers-guided-by-ai-pluck-weeds-rapidly-and-autonomously/">Ekobot</a>.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Ekobot is a weeding machine. It weeds. Twelve hours a day.
Every day. And, if you weed, one of the major reasons we use herbicides goes
away. Ekobot weeds onion, beetroot, carrots, or other vegetable fields. It uses
an AI and machine vision to figure out what’s a weed and what isn’t. Then, it
uses a little finger to pull out the weeds. It <i>looks</i> like a metal finger—there’s
a video at the site. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">This is smart technology. Using the kill everything and let
Monsanto sort it out is dumb technology.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Next time.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-33939398923942520272023-12-01T16:05:00.001-05:002023-12-01T16:05:43.335-05:00Story Collection Announcement<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLYMPpHf2L47fQRnFzQeX4jgWkMD-av-DIN0gRGSN2NIXDtC6-8LEmDDaSnOi5SKsl0KC4vcvT5I8YFNfbyTPkhcxD2aTpbFEX2rYuUIwaiRocz4-LjZ5VpeU6qID19AWyuVmzz1jTLDJPGoCpFon9aGEsGaT3xuVIQaqnihzcNw77WSvi740ywYD2vvud/s2100/Popkes-TomKelleysGhost1400x2100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2100" data-original-width="1400" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLYMPpHf2L47fQRnFzQeX4jgWkMD-av-DIN0gRGSN2NIXDtC6-8LEmDDaSnOi5SKsl0KC4vcvT5I8YFNfbyTPkhcxD2aTpbFEX2rYuUIwaiRocz4-LjZ5VpeU6qID19AWyuVmzz1jTLDJPGoCpFon9aGEsGaT3xuVIQaqnihzcNw77WSvi740ywYD2vvud/w142-h214/Popkes-TomKelleysGhost1400x2100.jpg" width="142" /></a></div><br />A new story collection is coming out on 12/26/2023!<p></p><p> </p><p>Pre-order is available.</p><p> </p><p>The best way is to go through my website, <a href="http://www.stevenpopkes.com">www.stevenpopkes.com</a>, which has the universal book link. As new venues become available, they will be attached to that link. So, for example, right now on 12/1/2023, the only pre-order available is the ebook on Amazon. However, in the next week or so, other venues (I'm looking at you, Apple) will host it.</p><p> </p><p>Might make an interesting present the day after Christmas.</p><p> </p><p>Here's an excerpt from the title story:</p><p> </p><p>
</p><blockquote>
Tom nodded. Dan was sitting close to his right. Tom reached for his
glass as if he’d forgotten he’d finished it, made a fist and backhanded
Dan with all his strength. Dan fell back off his chair. Tom followed up
the blow with a vicious kick to Dan’s groin. Dan doubled up and the
breath came out of him in a faint shriek. Tom pulled open Dan’s coat and
found the pistol he knew was there and a small glittering knife he
didn’t. <br /></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>
“Kids.” Tom put the barrel of the pistol against Dan’s throat. “Where do you think Derek is?” <br /></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>
“Trolley,” Dan croaked. “A street entrance to the underground.” <br /></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>
“Thank you.” <br /></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>
“Tell me,” said Dan as soon as he was able to breathe. “Do you <i>know </i>she’s not your daughter?”</blockquote><p> </p><blockquote>
“Yes.” Tom hid the pistol in his jacket pocket and left the tavern. </blockquote><p> </p><p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-16580388191745679722023-11-20T00:00:00.001-05:002023-11-20T00:00:00.165-05:00Thanksgiving, 2023<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Squantoteaching.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="458" height="80" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Squantoteaching.png" width="92" /></a></div><br />I like Thanksgiving. I’m not a fan of turkey but any holiday
that encourages excess of food and beverage is all right to me. Besides, I can
fall into a tryptophan-induced coma in front of a movie, television show, or
football game with the best of them.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squanto">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But the <i>idea</i> of a historical Thanksgiving with
Indians (that’s what they were called at the time) sitting down in friendly
congress with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)">Pilgrims</a>
is, at best, a sweet metaphor. At worst, it reflects a <i>rapprochement</i> that
is most politely called fiction.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is one character in all of this that, to me, stands
out: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squanto">Tisquantum</a>, often called
Squanto. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tisquantum is portrayed as the Friendly Indian who helped
the Pilgrims learn the skills they needed to survive, translated to the
surrounding tribes, and pretty much made himself indispensable. This is, in fact,
true, as far as it goes. But like so many things, it is a pale, shredded version
of the truth.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First, in the years before the colonization of Plymouth, the
New England coast was a vibrant community. Perhaps as many as a hundred
thousand people lived in the area. Fields of maize and squash could be seen
from offshore during the summer months. Behind them, were acres of chestnut and
hickory trees—there is some evidence many of these were deliberately planted. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1605 and 1606, Samuel de Champlain visited Cape Cod with
the idea of planting a settlement. He gave up on the idea: too many people were
already living there. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What we call Plymouth was occupied by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuxet">Patuxet</a>. All accounts of them
suggest that they were a very successful agrarian and fishing community. They
occupied the seaside during the summer and moved inland when the winter weather
approached. Tisquantum was a Patuxet.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some years before the Plymouth colony, Tisquantum met
Captain John Smith as part of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachem">sachem’s</a>
entourage. The meeting went cordial enough. Smith moved on to Maine leaving Thomas
Hunt in charge. Hunt also invited the group on his ship and promptly kidnapped
them, murdering those whom he couldn’t manage to stuff down in the hold. From
here, Hunt took his prisoners to Málaga, Spain, to sell them as slaves.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This wasn’t unusual. A lot of Europeans dropped into the New
World to pick up a native or two as if it were some kind of overnight truck
stop. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Roman Catholic priests in Málaga intervened—at that
point, the Church opposed brutality towards the natives. Tisquantum was saved
from slavery. He persuaded the priests to let him attempt to return home. He
made it as far as London where he stayed with a shipbuilder who maintained him
as a sort of souvenir. The shipbuilder had interests in Newfoundland and
Tisquantum managed to get passage to a fishing camp there. Hey, only a thousand
miles from home.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He persuaded another of Smith’s cohort, Thomas Dermer, to go
down to New England with promises of easy wealth but that went south through
positively byzantine circumstances and Dermer started to return to England but
met his boss, Ferdinando Gorges, at sea. Dermer promptly turned <i>back</i> to
New England. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When Tisquantum was kidnapped, the entire New England coast
was alive with interlocking tribes, villages, and fields. He returned to
desolation. The coast was empty. Homes were rotted and crumbling. The fields
were untilled. Bleached skeletons lay exposed to the elements. As Dermer and
Tisquantum sailed south from Maine to Massachusetts, they followed a blighted
coast.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tisquantum landed and went inland with Dermer to find his
village. Save for him, the Patuxet were all dead. An epidemic had raged up and down
the northeastern coast and killed as much as ninety percent of all natives. Disheartened,
Tisquantum followed Dermer back to Maine but ended up walking back.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massasoit">Massasoit</a>,
the sachem of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a>
adjacent to the Patuxet was in terrible trouble. His community of
twenty-thousand had been reduced to a thousand. His local village to sixty.
Worse, his neighbors, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_people">Narragansett</a>, had
not been terribly afflicted. Tisquantum was captured and sent to Massasoit. Thereby,
Tisquantum tried to persuade Massasoit that the English could be allies.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, the Pilgrims—remember them?—landed and tried to
make a colony in Plymouth. If there’s a group less prepared for their journey,
I haven’t read about them. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donner_Party">Donner Party</a> had nothing
on them. Their fishing gear didn’t work in the waters of the bay. They had
thought to be agriculturists but their seeds were inappropriate and they didn’t
bring livestock. They had little idea what they were doing. And, finally, the
Mayflower landed them in Massachusetts on November 21, 1620. This was back when
winter was winter—not the easy winters we have up here now. This was snow and
frozen ground. In my experience, November begins with a cold, brittle rain and
goes from there. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <i>only</i> way they could survive was by raiding the
graves and village remains of—you guessed it, the Patuxet—for food stores.
Anything. Half of them died.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, Massasoit gets word of these Europeans setting up
shop on land he could claim as under his control but without any way of
enforcing such control. Tisquantum keeps buzzing his ear about how the English
could be useful. The kidnapping, murder, and other attacks by the English tend
to make Massasoit skittish. He doesn’t trust Tisquantum so he gets Samoset, who
has limited English but at least has <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">something</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, to talk with these interlopers first.
After this first interaction, Samoset returns, this time with Tisquantum who
was much more fluent due to his five years abroad. Massasoit wanted to
incorporate the Pilgrims into his own political agenda and fend off the
Narragansett. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tisquantum moved in
with the Pilgrims. He did help them learn how to grow their own food using
native seeds and techniques. He proved invaluable and the next fall, the
Pilgrims had a good enough harvest that they could have a harvest feast.
Massasoit attended (not necessarily invited but showed up because the celebratory
gunfire might be an attack) with about ninety people. Both sides sat down and
ate a lot of food. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I have this image where
both sides are eating together and on the left side, the holocaust visited upon
the natives before the meal, and on the right side, the holocaust visited upon
the natives afterward. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Just a grudging bit
of peace in the middle: Thanksgiving.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:</b> a lot of the material for this post came from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Mann">Charles C. Mann’s</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1491%3A_New_Revelations_of_the_Americas_Before_Columbus">1491:
New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</a></i>. I strongly recommend
it. Tisquantum’s story, as presented, is highly abridged. The more detailed
version in <i>1491</i> is vastly more interesting than this tiny excerpt. Any
errors are, of course, my own and not Mister Mann’s. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I haven’t read the sequel, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1493:_Uncovering_the_New_World_Columbus_Created">1493</a></i>,
yet. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If it’s of interest, then I also recommend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wengrow">Wengrow</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graeber">Graeber’s</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dawn_of_Everything">The Dawn of Everything</a></i>,
which I am currently reading.</p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-63171375737635869612023-11-06T00:00:00.001-05:002023-11-06T00:00:00.163-05:00State of the Farm: Reckoning 2023<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsR-4gobspwxEYebZ2b1TgLsG_oN21Mw2PVbl_O2nP1Afboa90yNn0nAAbCdgj-TXCrjCW3M1gWtPE_0lY3IiRrDr4C4hL0tsmWbFHR5YlUqLTX2OLBJKxP04nsw52Czk_sB6BqczVBcTQH4CcM6CV3wKqHkwekOpDeHgr-VYsfO3IrdJLn2O9hYIc-f-Q/s4032/Wee2023Carrots.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsR-4gobspwxEYebZ2b1TgLsG_oN21Mw2PVbl_O2nP1Afboa90yNn0nAAbCdgj-TXCrjCW3M1gWtPE_0lY3IiRrDr4C4hL0tsmWbFHR5YlUqLTX2OLBJKxP04nsw52Czk_sB6BqczVBcTQH4CcM6CV3wKqHkwekOpDeHgr-VYsfO3IrdJLn2O9hYIc-f-Q/w151-h85/Wee2023Carrots.jpg" width="151" /></a></div><br />The harvest is done. The experiment for this year is
complete.<p></p><p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture: our wee carrot harvest. Including rocks.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now, we decide what it means. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have a spreadsheet with all of the plants we planted,
including the fruit and nut trees. But we will not dwell on that level of
detail here. Instead, we’ll hit the highlights by category. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The goal this year was to make a dent in the actual calorie
count from the garden, nut, and fruit crops. In some ways, it was a success. In
others, a failure. In the remainder, something in between.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Fruit <br /></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As I mentioned in previous posts, many of the fruit trees
didn’t bear at all this year for various reasons. In the case of the peach
family and the pawpaws, it was the late frost. The exceptions to this were the persimmons,
medlar, and cherries. The medlar is a medieval fruit that vaguely resembles the
taste of apple sauce. We have about a dozen or so on the tree but we can’t pick
them until after the frost.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We had a good apple crop—at least, for us. We have a low
fruit/tree ratio we’re trying to improve. We dried them and they are good to
eat in the winter.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The persimmons did very well. We’ve made wine and persimmon
bread. We tried persimmon pie but it didn’t work out so well. The astringency
made the pie inedible. Yet another occasion where I miss the chickens. The
bread turned out well. Since both were made from the same batch of fruit, we’re
scratching our heads on that one. The difference might be the bread had rum in
it and the pies did not. Possibly the alcohol mitigated the astringency. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The sour cherries were reasonable this year. We didn’t try
all that hard in picking them and so got one pie worth.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Non-tree fruit included the melons and the grapes.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The melons did poorly this year. We always have trouble with
melons. It’s either too hot or too cold, too wet or too dry. We’re still
experimenting with variety. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The grapes have developed black rot and we have to deal with
this. Most of the grapes either didn’t produce well or the grapes withered
before harvest. We also had a vacation in the middle of harvest and so we ended
up feeding the birds, too. We did get about ten or so pounds of Concords so five
gallons of wine are percolating on the counter.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The new strawberry patch is too new. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Spices</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We have much pesto from the basil. The dill didn’t do well.
The fennel was nice—had a nice fennel and cheese dinner last night. But while
Wendy can taste the anise flavor, I could not. The flaw might be in the taster,
not the taste.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The mint came in very well. We have about two pints total of
ground-up mint for my tea this winter. That’s a win.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Sugar?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Not sure where to put the sugar beets. They’re a vegetable,
I suppose, but we’re making sugar from it. We planted an eight-foot row and got
about ten pounds worth. It’s reducing to syrup downstairs right now. I’ll be
making sugar from it today or later in the week. Significant animal damage in
that whole section: carrots, turnips, and beets. Have to think on that next
time—if there is a next time.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Nuts</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We now have three chestnut trees online and this year we got
on the order of 30-40 pounds dry weight of chestnuts and we’re still processing
them. We use it as flour adding it to bread recipes, and soups. We tried to
make pasta from it but failed. We’ll try again. A definite win. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We also got about sixty pounds of black walnuts from a
friend as a “gift.” We’re figuring that one out.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Vegetable</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The biggest category of all. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We did fairly well with most of them. We had problems with
carrots depending on location. Starting was an issue everywhere but the full
sun carrots ended up giving us about five pounds of good yield. The carrots
under the trellis were put in later and ultimately shaded by the beans. They
gave us many tiny carrots.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Cucumber, eggplant, and peppers were pretty good. The
cucumbers gave us many pickles and the eggplant came in strong. The problem
with eggplant is it doesn’t store all that well and it’s hard to use up fifteen
pounds before it rots. But we managed. The peppers did all right but we also
didn’t really work on them. Hot peppers did well.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We had some trouble with the cold crops: broccoli, Brussel
sprouts, kohlrabi, and the like. We do have some sprouts waiting in the garden until
I get to them but it was only four plants. There’s also some bok choi waiting
for us. We did plant five cabbages and got five cabbages, so that’s a win. By
and large, I’d say the cold crops were a wash. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Turnips were in the same area as the sugar beets. We got
three big ones but the others were chewed up.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We like to grow celeriac (celery root) because it tastes
good in soups. Usually, they sort of pod up like kohlrabi. These didn’t and
looked like brittle stars or hairy snakes. Not sure if this is the variety we
used or something in the environment. More investigation needed. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Finally</i> got some zucchini. Usually, we’re pulling
literal feet of them from the garden but for some reason, they didn’t really
get started until mid-August. So, we got a couple of big ones but nothing like
the usual crop. Again, more investigation needed.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We did well on the beans. About eleven pounds total, which
is a pretty terrific return on investment from four packages. Runner beans gave
us two pounds. Pole beans gave us nine. We didn’t do so well with the pinto
beans. I think that was a location error. No idea regarding the bush beans as
we picked them fresh and ate them. I <i>think</i> we did all right but I have
no numbers to back that up.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Finally, the potatoes. We did <i>very</i> well with the
potatoes. Right now we have on the order of forty pounds in storage that we’re
working through. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The goal was to aim to make an impact on our calorie
consumption from our crops. Between the chestnuts, the beans, and the potatoes,
I think that experiment succeeded. That said, two of those crops are starch
heavy so they’re good for calories but don’t contribute all that much to
protein. The beans are an exception there. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We use beans in stews and soups. I’ve been told that one
pound is the equivalent to one preparation and that preparation results in
about three meals. That means we have on the order of thirty-plus meals from
the beans. If we say two pounds of potatoes/meal (which is fairly generous),
that means twenty or so meals there. Presuming this is mostly dinner, that’s
fifty meal/days from those two crops. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The chestnut is harder to quantify since we don’t actually use
it as a meal. Instead, we add it to other things. Chestnut flour might, for
example, end up in one of those soups. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The remaining crops that we’ve stored such as persimmon,
carrots, etc., <i>add</i> to a meal but don’t constitute a meal in themselves.
They have an impact on the pocketbook but not necessarily on meal/days. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We haven’t yet determined our loss from storage. I’ll know
more about that come spring. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Every year we try an experiment. This year was the sugar
beets. It looks like I’m going to get about a pint of syrup from ten pounds of
beets. This translates into perhaps a half pound of sugar. At this point, it
has an interesting and not unpleasant taste. Pulling this into production
requires handling the pest problem and figuring out a better way to extract the
sugar. According to my research, the most efficient way of getting sugar is also
the most efficient way of getting an off, beet flavor. We chose the more
inefficient way which gave us about four gallons of “sap.” </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We might try the grinding method and then attempt to filter
out the bad taste.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Next year, I think my experiment will be sorghum. There are
a couple of varieties that seem to have high yields and good taste. We will
see.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That’s it from the farm until next year.</p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-14979002681520359232023-10-16T00:00:00.013-04:002023-10-16T00:00:00.161-04:00Expanding on The Expanse<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Leviathan_Wakes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="255" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Leviathan_Wakes.jpg" width="78" /></a></div><br />Fantasy has its <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>.
Science fiction has its <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)">The Expanse</a></i>.<p></p><p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_Wakes">here</a>. <i>Leviathan
Wakes</i> is the first book of <i>The Expanse.</i>)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game of Thrones</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> was the TV adaptation of a successful set
of novels. (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire">A Song of Ice and
Fire</a></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>.)
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Expanse</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> was the TV adaptation of the set of equally
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Expanse_(novel_series)">novels
and other works</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._A._Corey">James
S. A. Corey</a>. Both deal with cultural conflict and war. Both have “magic”—actual
magic in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game of Thrones</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. Alien technology that defies known physics
in the case of </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Expanse</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">They are quite
different in their characters. While there are rough characters in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Expanse</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, nothing compares to the unnatural evil that works its will in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game of Thrones. </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">You’ll find genocide and child endangerment in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Expanse</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> but you get incestuous murder in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Game of Thrones</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">While I am an SF
writer the more important thing in this discussion is that I’m an SF </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reader</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. I’m much more drawn to alien tropes than dragons. Less drawn to
monarchies than autocrats. So, I’ll talk about <i>The Expanse</i></span> here
rather than <i>Game of Thrones</i>. Besides, I haven’t read the Martin books.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>The Expanse</i> is brilliant television and a set of
excellent novels but both are flawed in interesting ways. Those flaws reflect
curious writing decisions. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Note: I <i>will</i> be discussing things that happen in the
books so if you’re spoiler-sensitive, don’t read any further.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The prose <i>Expanse</i> consists of nine novels and a few
stories and novellas. In its future, the solar system has been opened to
humanity by an incredibly efficient and powerful propulsion known as the
Epstein Drive. This has divided humanity into three distinct groups: those from
Earth, those from Mars, and those that live in the free space and moons of the
solar system known collectively as the Belt. Those that live in the Belt are
called Belters.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mars is independent and on a continuous war footing with
Earth since Earth has never really given up its hold on Mars. Think Britain and
the US in the eighteen-hundreds. Mars is technologically superior to Earth but
cannot match Earth’s industrial base. The ships of Mars are better but Earth has
more of them. Neither much values the Belt.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The third is the growth and eventual factionalization of some
Belters into terrorists. It is absolutely clear that Belters are an oppressed people
in <i>The Expanse</i>. The Outer Planets Alliance (OPA) purports to represent
the Belters but is, itself, divided. Some factions of the OPA are terrorists.
Others want political autonomy. Think <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in">Sinn Féin</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army">Irish Republican
Army (IRA.)</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Any work with such grand themes needs lots and lots of
characters to carry out the work. The novels have lots of point-of-view
characters—one has fifteen. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_Wakes">first
book</a> brings out the characters and ends with Eros crashing into Venus. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliban%27s_War">second book</a> plays out
the war footing that happens between Mars and Earth and the unscrupulous
scientists building human/protomolecule hybrids. It ends with whatever the
protomolecule has built on Venus launching into space. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaddon%27s_Gate">Book three</a> begins
after the Venus structure has moved out beyond the orbit of Uranus and reshaped
into a ring structure. This is the book where the Belt begins to really make
its presence known as a political entity as each of the players—Earth, Mars,
and the Belt—are interested in figuring out the benefits of the ring. This is
when the protomolecule reveals its agenda: it is intended to build connections
to all of the other ring structures built by ancient aliens. Now, the solar
system is part of a vast network of planets.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibola_Burn">Book 4</a>
explores how this new real estate affects the political stability of the solar
system. Who is in control? It also personifies the protomolecule in its search
for its creators. The protomolecule is not conscious but it is intelligent. Its
purpose is to serve those that created it but it can’t find them. It does not
succeed.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_Games">Book 5</a>
involves exploring what is going on with the rest of the solar system through
the eyes of the main characters. This book also shows the coalescence of some Belters
into a military organization—the Free Navy. The Free Navy drops large asteroids
onto Earth, decimating large swaths of land and population, and ultimately
encamps just outside of the protomolecule ring, preventing anyone from using
the new real estate. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon%27s_Ashes">Book
6</a> involves the resolution of all of the threads in the previous books. The
Free Navy is defeated but the Belt is now in charge of the Ring. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Books 7-9 take place some thirty years after the end of book
6 and have little direct impact on the events of the first six books. I’m not
going to directly talk about them.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is a large work. It has many, many characters. Some
characters come into prominence and then fade out. Some stay the course for
most of the books. Some appear for a particular scene and then are never heard
from again.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In most cases, talking about the books is the same as
talking about the show since the show closely follows the book. Issues of one
are replicated in the other.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One decision—perhaps a flaw—is the way these characters
appear, have a major impact, and then are never heard from or thought of again.
One of the main characters is Naomi Nagata, the engineer of the Rocinante. She
is a through character from day one all the way to the end. About halfway
through the series, we discover that she had been a member of a violent OPA faction,
had a son with its leader, and then left the faction and necessarily the son.
It is represented in the work that she thought of the son often. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The son, Filip, shows up in the latter books as an important
opposing character. Whole sections of the work involve the conflict between
Filip and Naomi. Then, at a crucial juncture, Filip leaves the conflict and is
never heard from again. In later books, he is never mentioned. Naomi doesn’t
think about him. He never seeks her out. He has disappeared.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is a continuing pattern: characters or events are
important <i>at the time</i> but their reverberation across the work is severely
limited. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From what I can tell, this is entirely intentional. The <i>size</i>
of <i>The Expanse</i> is huge—close to five thousand pages over nine books.
Probably a couple of hundred characters and hundreds of scenes with them. Dealing
with dangling plot lines with an iron fist is probably necessary. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That said, Naomi was Filip’s <i>mother</i>. She didn’t think
about him after she thought he died. I know mothers who agonize over their dead
children for <i>decades</i> afterward. The loss of a child can destroy a
marriage. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Filip’s father—Marco Inaros—is a charismatic leader who is
more than a bit crazy. He dies along with his crew in the climactic moment of
book six. His death is what breaks the Free Navy. But there is no mention of
martyrdom. He does not appear to be venerated. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pot">Pol Pot</a> died in 1998. He
presided over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide">Cambodian
Genocide</a> from 1975-1979. We still talk about him. Inaros, by dropping
asteroids on Earth, killed billions. But he’s not spoken of in later books. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>I</i> think this is a flaw. But others might just think
it is a necessary decision based on the scope of the work. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There’s a simplification of events and personalities in the villains
of the book. The evil scientists doing Mengele’s work hybridizing humans and
protomolecule and destroying Eros are pretty cartoonish. The authors attempt to
get around this by introducing techniques by which people are made into
sociopaths who are, in effect, addicted to the work. This is introduced early
but not fully embraced later as more and more people are doing these terrible
things that have clearly not been so modified. A couple of the characters are
distinguished from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin">Simon
Legree</a> only by the lack of a mustache. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Again, is this from the scale of the work or is it a
mechanism by which the evil is shown? <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauron">Sauron</a> is a simple villain,
too. His motivations are never really explored and it’s not at all clear what his
endgame would be if he won. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(One wonders what <i>The Expanse</i> would be like if told
from the point of view of the villains. Think <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_(American_writer)">John
Gardner’s</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(novel)">Grendel</a></i>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This may be a fundamental problem with complex fiction. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Michener">James Michener</a> wrote
huge books that attempted to explore in depth the slice of the complex world he
was describing. In my opinion, he did so at the cost of complex characters. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clavell">James Clavell</a> did the
same with his Asian novels: complex world/simple characters.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">SF, in particular, relies on world-building. Some have said
that in SF the surrounding world is an additional character. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(novel)">Dune</a></i> is an example of
this—again, I would argue, relatively simple characters.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One of my favorite writers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dos_Passos">John Dos Passos</a>, seems
to have the ability to create complex worlds inhabited by complex characters. But
he seems to do so at the cost of a complex plot. Most of his books have many
events involving interesting characters but they are more event collections
than a plot. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It makes me wonder if there is a three-legged stool in
writing: complex world vs. complex character vs. complex plot. Pick any two. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Complexity is messy. Our world is complex. It has no easy
answers. Not everything is known. The reasons things happen are not always
clear. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Humans are complex, too. What drives us inside is rarely
visible to those outside—and certainly invisible as long as we don’t reveal it.
Sometimes, they are not even known to ourselves. Emotions tangle with each
other and impulses come, one after another. All we see of other people are
their surfaces. Often, we cannot know the darkness that roils below.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is hard to represent in fiction. Maybe it requires an
iron hand.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-81386053262121525782023-10-02T00:00:00.001-04:002023-10-02T00:00:00.145-04:00We Must Look Forward<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://francescaemilysmith.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/7/8/24789758/1384778666.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="662" height="125" src="https://francescaemilysmith.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/7/8/24789758/1384778666.jpg" width="151" /></a></div><br />(Picture from <a href="https://francescaemilysmith.weebly.com/horse.html">here</a>.)<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Humans are both hyper-cooperative and hyper-competitive.
Often, at the same time.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There’s a continuing discussion of human intelligence that
goes something like this. Well, <i>that</i> is a quality that no other animal
has. Therefore, humans are special. Oh, wait a minute. Other animals have
something of that quality, so what we have isn’t so special, after all.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is a completely specious argument. People just
shouldn’t indulge in it. The horse “foot” is really an elongated middle finger.
The “foot” is the last digit of that middle finger. The hoof is derived from
the fingernail. So, in effect a horse is traveling on its fingernail. To say
that since other animals also have the middle finger, the horse “foot” isn’t
that special. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We have language, use tools, have society, cooperate, and
compete. Crows communicate information using sound. Chimps, crows, and
cephalopods use tools. Ants, bees, mole rats, chimps, and wolves cooperate. All
animals compete. Individual qualities are shared across whole families and
classes of animals. Species’ <i>use</i> of those qualities—species
specialization—is local to that species. Crows and humans use tools. They
evolved them separately. But the human use of tools puts us in a separate
class.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So far as we know, no other earthly species has ever built a
skyscraper or reached the moon. We did it using our curious mix of
hypercompetition and hypercooperation. We seem to be unique in this sort of
thing. We are excellent engineers given our limitations.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We are <i>incredibly</i> special. Keep that in mind for the
moment. Now, let’s look at something a little different.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I first ran into this concept in an article from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>,
though I don’t think it was original to him. He posited that humans were
inclined towards fabulation because of an evolutionary bias: nobody ever died
as a result of thinking a lion was in the bushes when there wasn’t one.
Conversely, people <i>did</i> die as a result of thinking a lion wasn’t in the
bushes when it was. The bias is in favor of creating dangers when they aren’t
there. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That was suitable for our ancestors several million years
ago when we were the prey and other animals were the predators. It became less
and less useful as we took over the planet. Now, it’s not suitable at all when
fabulating a threat can be a menace.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My point is that the same beautiful engineering mechanism I
so admire when we’re building a space shuttle or creating the internet—the same
wonderful blend of cooperation and competition—can service a fabulated threat
just as well as it can service something wonderful. We can mobilize that same
frontal lobe computer for anything. The same frontal lobe that got us to the moon
can create terrific scenarios concluding we fabricate it. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven">Larry Niven</a> said in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)"><i>Protector</i></a><i>:</i>
Intelligence is a tool that is not always used intelligently.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’ve said this before and I’ll say it again here: what got
us here is not what will get us further.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By this, I mean that the traits derived from the
evolutionary pressures of the veldt—the fabulation of facts, the determination
of threats by what other people say are threats, the falling under the sway of
a group, nation, or leader, the embracing of the exceptional nature of one’s
tribe so that others are not considered true humans—<i>cannot</i> take us
forward. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We want a good world. We want clean water, clean air. We
don’t want to poison ourselves. We don’t want to starve. We want good long
lives for ourselves and our children. Yet, when we pursue such things, the same
obstacles get in our way: one group is pitted against another group. We follow
the crowd we know and marginalize the crowd we don’t. Our group deserves those
good, long lives but <i>that</i> group over there does not. Our group deserves
to run things and <i>that</i> group should just shut up and stay where they
belong.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think this is, in part, the trap of story. We like
stories. We revel in them. Heck, I write them all the time. I <i>love</i>
stories.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stories are by their nature simplifications of the world. To
me, the best stories (I’m looking at you, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Billboards_Outside_Ebbing,_Missouri"><i>Three
Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri</i></a>) are those that attempt to capture
the complexity of human beings. Human complexity is inconvenient. As stories
get simpler, they devolve from intricate portraits to caricatures and we end up
with my group: good. Their group: bad. The problem is we believe stories before
we believe facts.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So: get out of your comfort zone. Find sources of news that
discomfit you. Prove them wrong—not by listening to your gut or your friends
but by facts that can be verified. Question those you want to lead you. Trust
sources not by how they agree with you but whether they can be verified. Leaven
your trust—no source is completely right all the time. Test them by things you
know to be true. I use science in this regard because it has the best track
record. If a source says water is steam and you find that in chemistry text
book, then that source has a track record. If a source says water is natural
gas—well, find yourself another source.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Test sources that disagree with you. More importantly, test
sources that agree with you—your own bias is the hardest obstacle. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">People have a tendency to apply their intellect
discriminately. I see a bad person from my group and that person is an
aberration. I see a bad person from <i>their</i> group and it’s an example of
the whole group. Don’t do that. Apply the same rigor to all things. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You can <i>do</i> this. You’re as specialized a species as a
whale or a robin. You’re the species that invented critical thinking,
objectivity, science, forgiveness of sins, loving your enemy. All things beyond
what we did as walking chimps. No other species can do what you do. No other
species has had to.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is hard, honest work. It’s also a good way to alienate
your friends and relatives.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After all, no good deed goes unpunished.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-47378895273208669282023-09-18T00:00:00.001-04:002023-09-18T00:00:00.140-04:00Cheese Ends, 20230918<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/images/jpegPIA12237.width-1600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="147" src="https://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/images/jpegPIA12237.width-1600.jpg" width="147" /></a></div><br />
<p class="MsoNormal">Welcome to another addition of cheese ends.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia12237-water-detected-at-high-latitudes">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><a href="https://www.moondaily.com/reports/Electrons_from_Earth_may_be_forming_water_on_the_Moon_999.html">Water
on the Moon</a></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The moon has <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/the-moon-is-rusting-and-researchers-want-to-know-why">hematite</a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What’s interesting about this is hematite is a form of rust—a
product of iron interacting with oxygen and water. The moon is airless. How did
it get there?</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chandrayaan-1 has a Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument
(adorably known as M3.) that detects the spectra that reflects off minerals. It
detected the spectra of minerals on the poles of the Moon. In so doing, scientist
Shuai Li found the signature of iron oxide in the form of hematite. Without
air, hematite on the Moon is... unexpected. (Cue Spock raising his eyebrow.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The model proposed by LI and others was that oxygen from
Earth’s upper atmosphere was drawn out by the Earth’s trailing magnetic fields,
the magnetotail. Then, when the orbit of the Moon intersected this area, oxygen
was deposited, driving the formation of hematite. However, hydrogen from the
same source was <i>also</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> deposited.
Hydrogen inhibits hematite formation. It turns out the magnetotail inhibits
hydrogen during certain phases of the Moons orbit, allowing oxygen to be
deposited directly. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">But there also
needs to be water. It’s considered that fast moving dust particles could
dislodge water particles could release water deposited on the surface, freeing
them to interact with the oxygen and the iron to form hematite. Or, possibly,
the energy of the protons of the solar wind could have a role. More research
was needed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This was back in
2020.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In September 2023,
the same team discovered water formation in the same magnetotail where the oxygen
was coming from. The high energy electrons of the magnetotail allow formation
of water molecules directly, without any contribution from the solar wind. When
the Moon passes into the magnetotail, it is shielding from the solar wind but
not from solar photons, giving an the magnetotail an opportunity to deposit
water on the Moon’s surface.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.moondaily.com/reports/Exploring_the_lunar_south_pole_lessons_from_Chandrayaan_3_999.html">Chandrayaan-3</a></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The big news
recently is India’s landing of a surface probe and rover on the south pol of
the Moon. This is terrific for a few reasons. For one thing, human beings
actually landed a probe on the south pole: something that has never been done. For
another, this brings the number of countries that have successfully landed </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">any</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> working probe on the Moon’s surface to four: China, USA, Russia, and
India.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Spreading the
wealth is a good thing.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Chandrayaan-3 recently
completed is 14-day mission—the length of a lunar day—and the data is still
being digested. I looked for more information and found scraps so I’ll delay a
deeper discussion until there is more data forthcoming.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_builds_new_radio_telescope_to_support_lunar_deep_space_missions_999.html">China
Expands its Deep Space Network</a></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It takes big,
sensitive radio telescopes to keep in contact with probes and human operations
in space. Radio isn’t that great at carrying information compared to higher frequencies
and the transmissions are limited by the equipment sent. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">China has been
using its Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network to both track its material
and to investigate black holes, the dynamics of our galaxies, and the like. The
VLBI technique tracks receipt of signals in time. In this way, a virtual
telescope of the size of the separation between the telescopes can be achieved. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I want to talk
about this for a moment. Not the achievements of India and China directly, but
the way we’re stovepiping the process. Each country has its own space process.
There’s a fair amount of cooperation that can be helped or hindered by the
country of origin. Russia is now cozying up to China and North Korea using its
space program as the proverbial carrot. China is largely going its own way.
India breaks both ways. Europe mostly cooperates with the USA but not always.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Science is based on
complex competitive/cooperative relationships. Scientists and teams compete
with one another to gain information and cooperate to achieve those goals at
the same time. This process utterly depends on the free flow of information.
Restrict that flow in the name of national prestige and science itself is
restricted.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There are also
economic issues involved. It took the cooperation of many countries to build
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station">ISS</a>
and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider">Large Hadron
Collider</a>. When the USA tried to go it alone with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_Super_Collider">Superconducting
Super Collider</a>, we failed. The cost was too high. We couldn’t get
cooperation from other countries because it was promoted as an </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> product.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There’s a limit to
how much a single country—USA, China, or any other—can do. No single country is
responsible for the gross domestic product of the world. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)">world
GDP</a> is estimated as 105 trillion dollars for 2023. The US component is
about 27 trillion and China’s about 19 trillion. As technology becomes more
evenly dispersed, that world GDP is going to increase and both the US and China
relative contribution will lessen. The cost of the LHC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was about 5.1 billion dollars. That’s not
even visible in the world GDP. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">True space
exploration, the founding of settlements across the solar system, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cannot</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> be achieved by a single country. It’s only a way of exporting conflict
and failure.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Okay. Enough soap
boxing.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Exoplanet_with_a_large_iron_core_adds_to_puzzle_of_how_planets_form_999.html">Planet
of Iron</a></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_367">Gliese 367</a> is a red dwarf
star about 31 light years from Earth. It has been named Ananuca. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_367_b">GL 367 b</a>—or <i>Tahay</i></span>—is
an exoplanet that is orbiting close to it. It has an orbital period of only 7.7
hours. It’s so close it’s tidally locked and its atmosphere has been stripped
away. What’s left is a rock that only presents one scarred face to its sun at
all times.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What’s interesting about it is that it is <i>very</i> dense—nearly
twice as dense as Earth—as if it were essentially just an iron core orbiting its
sun. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Two hypotheses suggest themselves. It’s possible that Tahay
was once a significantly larger planet with an appropriately larger iron core
but some cataclysm ripped the outer covering off. Or, Tahay was born in a
particularly iron rich section of the initial proto-planetary disk. Planetary
origin models don’t handle either scenario all that well.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3282/nasa-announces-summer-2023-hottest-on-record/">Summer
of 2023 Hottest on Record</a></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yeah. Things are getting hotter. More and more energy is being
driven into the land, sea, and air. More bigger and stronger storms, deeper
droughts, heavier floods, happened. More are coming. When you put more and more
energy into a system, that energy gets expressed. I can’t believe this is a
surprise to anybody.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is one of those things that have to be done together.
Me: I’d like the luxury to send people elsewhere in the solar system rather
than being force into it because we burnt our planet to the ground.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It amazes me this has become so political. It’s like
standing in the crosswalk of a busy street arguing the existence of the car
coming to run us down. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-74522802710676092402023-09-04T01:00:00.002-04:002023-09-04T01:00:00.136-04:00State of the Farm: September, 2023. The Problem of Scale.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBz9xeu341_L4Uo9DeCR-uXBvkxTQZ5ZdIR1pBxcvsLQiig6LmDmSIi1CV-W26fnaXaUYhDbhVmC6FuK-db5aQN6e_xlfsum-AA2hiBhwfTExuTjBrAKc1JZwZssPcffH50Exje5pbxCFg4vnpFieTSNgCTWHMHUYKdk2-vp7KGJaY1crooYD5i8d9olYB/s4032/Garden20230831.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBz9xeu341_L4Uo9DeCR-uXBvkxTQZ5ZdIR1pBxcvsLQiig6LmDmSIi1CV-W26fnaXaUYhDbhVmC6FuK-db5aQN6e_xlfsum-AA2hiBhwfTExuTjBrAKc1JZwZssPcffH50Exje5pbxCFg4vnpFieTSNgCTWHMHUYKdk2-vp7KGJaY1crooYD5i8d9olYB/w146-h82/Garden20230831.jpg" width="146" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Be careful what you wish for.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Yes, yes. Another State of the Farm entry. I’m in Wisconsin.
Sue me.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some years ago, I discussed the problem of <a href="https://popke-blog.blogspot.com/2015/11/state-of-farm-problem-of-abundance.html">abundance</a>.
At the time, I was concerned with production from tree products such as
chestnuts and Cornelian Cherries. That particular year we had good crops from
several of our fruit trees and thought pretty good of ourselves. But, then, these
were tree products that have their own issues and fecundity.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While we could do some things such as spraying and
fertilizing, there wasn’t all that much we could do to help the trees. Weeding?
Not an issue. Pests? Sometimes but for many years we haven’t had much of a
problem. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the garden, however, we had much more control and,
therefore, felt the failures much more keenly.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Over the last few years, we’ve started attempting to address
the problems of producing calories at scale. By this, I mean that we are trying
to make a dent in the sustenance of the household. Trying to take the garden to
a fun project that is good in the summer to an effort that actually makes a
dent in the grocery bill.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This year we put everything we learned to use and now it’s
time to evaluate how we did.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We put our caloric faith in beans, squash, and potatoes.
Other crops came and went and a couple—I’m looking at you, sugar beets—are
still experimental. But those three are intended to feed us.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We learned a lot from beans but I can’t say we were a
rousing success. We planted bush beans, pinto beans (which are a kind of bush
bean), runner beans, and pole beans. We also had record-breaking heat waves
and, as I said in a previous entry, found out that beans don’t set fruit in
high temperatures. When the temperatures began to drop, we started to get beans
and we’re letting them dry some on the vine before we determine the yield. I’m
not hopeful. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">In retrospect, I think I planted too densely. While the Great
Bean Tunnel looks cool, it’s not really all that productive. It was, however, a
nice place to sit in the heat.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">We had similar problems with the squash. The zucchini never
really set fruit—we’re still trying to find out why. Other people we know had
tons of the stuff but we didn’t get much. We had a lot of squash germination
problems that we’ll need to address. Germination problems all around. We do
have some squash but, again, I don’t think we handled scale well there either. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Potatoes were a fair success story. We have about a 3/1 return
on investment. Not as good as I would have preferred but significantly better
than breaking even. We planted a white and a red potato. (I forget the
varieties at the moment.) The reds did well but the whites didn’t. We got many tiny
potatoes. I understand that this is in style at the moment but I would rather
have had more literal poundage than pretty plate decorations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Other crops did better. Amazingly, we were able to grow two
cabbages—usually, they’re eaten to the bone. And we had some cold crops that
did well. Basil did well and the sugar beets appear—without yet being harvested—to
have done quite well. Melons are always questionable.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Interestingly, the melons and cucumbers both seemed to have
something that looked like a squash borer problem. All of a sudden, a whole stalk
of cucumber would die off. I never found the culprit. This was mostly because of
the density of planting and the random nature of the melon/cucumber growth.
Every stalk crossed every other one on the trellis. It looked nice but it made
tracing back the problem difficult.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">If I have learned any lesson this year, it was that I
planted too densely. I wanted to grow <i>everything</i>. But, while it was cool
to grow a couple of cabbages, each cabbage was a circle three feet in diameter
and produced a single “fruit.” It was space I could have used for more staples.
I think I need to limit my experiments and turn more space over to calorie
crops.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">I planted nine different kinds of melons very close
together. When I got fruit,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I couldn’t
tell where it was coming from. The runner beans and pole beans were also
planted too densely. Both layered up to the point that some beans were shadowed
by their neighbors and didn’t produce as well.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">It was ambition, pure and simple. I blame society.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Many pickles were canned. Lots of tomatoes were sacrificed
to the vegetable gods to form sauce. Much applesauce and dried apples were
made. Ten gallons of Cornelian Cherry wine is percolating even as we speak. If
you can hear me talking or are speaking to me right now, I’d suggest visiting a
professional.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">So: more planning next year. This year, raise a glass and
pass the potatoes.</p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-31396728518094509852023-08-21T00:00:00.001-04:002023-08-21T00:00:00.178-04:00Revisiting "AI"<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.wisecube.ai/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Featured-Blog-Image-A-Comprehensive-Overview-of-Large-Language-Models-1080x675.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="800" height="126" src="https://www.wisecube.ai/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Featured-Blog-Image-A-Comprehensive-Overview-of-Large-Language-Models-1080x675.jpg" width="202" /></a></div> <p></p><p>Picture from <a href="https://www.wisecube.ai/blog/a-comprehensive-overview-of-large-language-models/">here</a>.
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">I discussed
a while back my opinion on the stampede to bring AI into the kitchen, living
room, workplace, and bedroom that seems to be going on. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">My opinion
isn’t all that different though I’m now a bit more informed. I believed I
referred to ChatGPT (and others) as a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_parrot">stochastic parrot</a></i>—that
is, a device that is able to reliably generate convincing language but does not
understand the meaning of the language it is processing. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">ChatGPT
is not, exactly, such a device. It is a language prediction mechanism in the
sense that given its broad training it can respond to a statement (or “prompt”)
in a manner consistent with how its model of the language suggests is the
desired response. This is quite a bit more sophisticated than a stochastic
parrot. I am <i>not</i> saying large language models (LLMs) are conscious or
have any understanding of the language they generate in the human sense of that
word. I <i>am</i> saying they are extremely adept and sophisticated in mapping how
language works.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">This is
not language at the sentence or word level—though ChatGPT maps that, too—but a
much broader and deeper map. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Consider
a regular visual map—like what we used to use on road trips when I was a child.
It’s a piece of paper with coordinates on it and imagery. If you have the right
x/y (east/west, north/south) coordinates, you can find a city. That’s a two-dimensional
map. You can find a three-dimensional map of the solar system <a href="https://theskylive.com/3dsolarsystem">here</a>. However, since you have
to tell the map <i>when</i> you’re looking at the solar system, it is, in
effect, a <i>four</i>-dimensional map. With those four coordinates, you can
place a planet geographically.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">However,
to go forward with that metaphor, each of the planets influence the other and
they’re all influenced by the sun. Light comes from the sun, for example. If we
added that to the map, that might come in as a fifth dimension—a separate
coordinate. You can see how this gets complex pretty quickly. While computers
can work with multidimensional math easily, humans have more trouble. We want
to actually <i>understand</i> such things—and we’re pretty much embedded in a four-dimensional
brain. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Physicists
came up with the idea of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space">phase
space</a></i>. This is a space where all physical quantities are represented as
different dimensions and a given state is described as a coordinate set in those
dimensions. It’s not hard to see the utility of such a description—and it’s not
much of a leap that something like that level of complexity would be needed to describe
all the intricacies of language. That’s not all of what goes on inside of
ChatGPT but a complex multi-dimensional representation of language is part of
it.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">There’s
a good description how LLMs work <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/07/a-jargon-free-explanation-of-how-ai-large-language-models-work/">here</a>.
I’m not going to reproduce that. Timothy Lee and Sean Trott, the authors, did a
much better job than I ever could. So, you should go read it. Wikipedia has a
broad discussion of LLMs <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model">here</a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">In place
of what I described as <i>phase space</i>, LLMs use a <i><a href="https://dzone.com/articles/introduction-to-word-vectors">word vector</a></i>.
Word vectors mathematically represent a word in all its dimensions. Like the
coordinate systems I was describing before, and like phase space, you can
determine something approximating distance between words by referring to them
within a complex coordinate system. If you look at Washington, DC, and Baltimore,
MD, and get their x/y coordinates, it’s not a difficult mathematical operation
to determine that their close to one another. Similarly, if you look at Baltimore
and Boston, MA, you can tell Boston is farther away from Baltimore than
Washington. Seattle is farther away yet. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Using word
vectors, you can develop maps of words that are close to one another in use. Or
far away. Or build nets describing sets of words. Computers don’t balk at
numbers of dimensions—LLMs use hundreds or thousands. GPT-3 uses over twelve
thousand. I suspect the number of dimensions will only increase as more
computing power is applied to training.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Ah, yes.
Training.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">One of
the interesting things about LLMs is that they are not <i>programmed</i> per
se. They analyze reams of material on their own—the <i>training</i>. Again, Lee
and Trott discuss this in digestible detail. I’m not going to go into it here. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">The next
level of LLMs is the emergence of word predictions from the raw word vectors. Language
has syntax and grammar—it is organized into meaningful packets. So is computer
language code. When the LLM is trained on a language, that underlying structure
is embedded in the dimensional relationships between the word vectors. LLM
processing takes input and applies it to <i>transformers</i>. The input to a
transformer results in a more meaningful result. That result can be further
input into another transformer. The final result set is the predicted output
from the input prompt. (Again, refer to Lee and Trott.)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">It
should come as no surprise to anyone that a powerful engine such as an LLM is
trained on a great deal of language input that it would return sophisticated
language as a result.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">But
there’s more to this—and this is the important bit. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">GPT-3
recently (reported in July, 2023) that it had scored highly in tests of
reasoning by <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/07/large-language-models-beat-undergrads-on-tests-of-reasoning-via-analogy/">analogy</a>.
Reasoning by analogy is something SAT and other college entry exams test. You’ve
seen this. The test presents evidence (Given a letter sequence, abcde, eabcd,
deabc, what is the rule? Or, what is the next entry in the sequence? That’s
reasoning by analogy.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Now, it’s
interesting that GPT-3 failed in extracting the analogy from text but it <i>did</i>
extract it from prompts. Is this evidence of analogic reasoning?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">For my
part—and the article I linked to above suggests the same—I think it indicates
that reason by analogy is embedded in the language training of the LLM. By
this, I’m suggesting that what we are seeing is <i>not</i> intelligence in the
LLM but intelligence embedded in the training material as <i>represented</i> by
the LLM.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">I think
this is borne out by the LLMs being used to determine <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/03/large-language-models-also-work-for-protein-structures/">protein
folding</a>. A team at Meta thought that though the “L” in LLMs was intended
for language, it really just signifies a packet of data that can be analyzed.
Reconfiguring the LLM to use protein chemistry as training input instead of
language seemed a productive path.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">It is,
of course, far more complex than I have stated. My point is that the LLM produced
plausible protein sequences similar to the way it produced plausible language
constructs. Let’s remember that the capacity of the LLM to retain data is far
greater than any human and its ability to analyze multi-dimensional space is
far superior. By representing data as digestible material to the LLM, the
inherent intelligence imbued in protein systems that are the product of a
billion years of evolution is amenable to analysis. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">This
does <i>not</i> mean the LLM understands protein chemistry anymore than it
understands language—in the human sense. What it does analyze the underlying
structure beneath the training material and, given a catalytic prompt, presents
plausible combinations that conform to that underlying structure. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Given
this point of view, LLMs become more interesting. They are not conscious. They
do not comprehend what they are doing. But they are potentially powerful
tools<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to express the underlying
sophistication and intelligence of the material they’re given. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">That
lack of comprehension shows up regularly—anyone using an LLM without oversight
is just asking for trouble. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@atomicblender">AtomicBlender</a>—a
YouTube channel I follow—asked ChatGPT to design a nuclear reactor of the
future and it gave surprising—if impractical—<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ve5iFaJXns">results</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">I think
that is going to be the main problem of using LLMs: the output <i>must</i> be
verified. In the case of protein chemistry, a solution candidate would have to
be verified experimentally and be assured it didn’t violate existing patents.
LLM produced original material cannot be taken at face value. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">LLMs are
a powerful tool. The current situation reminds me of something from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven">Larry Niven</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(novel)">Protector</a></i>:
Intelligence is a tool that is not always used intelligently.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-52581317535349544312023-08-07T00:00:00.001-04:002023-08-07T00:00:00.149-04:00State of the Farm: August, 2023<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJ35aPN8HzVyono-AkRnLvQ5vvJYJd10yqvpyzwrdQXcfEr90gXl2uYlJfMWq2kqC6PNR96KkosJk0WIkYa4AKGNjZxQTFacmEPkPLlh0y1RxkYxTxsZV-KPBpR0tvZIyiCn-lCvqfGOeYcEMGroUjA6DzOHV8uPxY311O1wX1q__l5b4SQwCgNqTh2IP/s4032/PXL_20230726_151625714.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJ35aPN8HzVyono-AkRnLvQ5vvJYJd10yqvpyzwrdQXcfEr90gXl2uYlJfMWq2kqC6PNR96KkosJk0WIkYa4AKGNjZxQTFacmEPkPLlh0y1RxkYxTxsZV-KPBpR0tvZIyiCn-lCvqfGOeYcEMGroUjA6DzOHV8uPxY311O1wX1q__l5b4SQwCgNqTh2IP/w167-h94/PXL_20230726_151625714.jpg" width="167" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">This will not be a long post as I’m in Pennsylvania for a
family reunion.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">planned</i> an
interesting post but left without the requisite materials. So, we’ll work with
what we have.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The end of July and beginning of August is the beginning of
harvest season. The first incoming is blueberries—of which we got an enormous
amount, dwarfing all previous years. This is due to two reasons: 1) our
blueberry bushes have finally matured, and 2) we’re using bird netting
effectively.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tried</i> to use
bird netting last year but failed miserably. Putting up the netting ended up
destroying our harvest. I just couldn’t get the netting over the bush without
ripping off the ripening blueberries. This year, I built two wooden frames over
the low bush and high bush blueberry in the main garden. In addition, we had
planted a large space area on the west side. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This year we used cattle fence panels (Remember those?
They’re in the picture above.) to make a large space: about 16x18 feet. This is
interesting since the cattle panels only come in 16ftx50in units. We needed
four sections so cut two 16x50 panels in half and wired them to four 16x50
sections. We staked them into the ground and it gave us a very large area. This
is wide enough and high enough that we can let the high bush blueberries grow
quite large without ever having to trim them much. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That said, we still put bird netting over all the frames and
that was an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">incredible</i> PITA. The bird
netting we used was the normal ½ inch mesh that we’ve seen. It’s always
difficult, catches everything, tangles on itself and any leaf/branch/rock/shoe
it comes in contact with. We did it but only managed by swearing the air blue.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After this, I looked on line. Surely, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">somebody</i> had to do this better than we did. It turns out we used
the wrong netting. While the thin variety is used quite a bit, when you look at
what professional growers use, it’s a braided material that appears much less
difficult to handler. Several videos I saw had the growers drape them right over
the bushes themselves—which we will <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i>
be doing. In addition, when we were driving up in Vermont recently, we saw that
some blueberry farmers were hanging long streamers of Mylar. My guess is this
was to repel the birds.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So far we’ve gotten a few gallons of berries—it’s easier to
measure it in pounds. Say 10+ pounds. The last harvest isn’t in yet but after
that we’ll (Retch. Groan. Yowl.) remove the netting. <br /><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After the blueberries, come the pears and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aronia">Aronias</a>. We’re doing the pears
a little early this year. There’s been so much rain that some of the fruit is
splitting. We could leave it on the tree but it’s a risk. Taking them from the
tree, we’ll wait a week or so and they’ll ripen on the table. Not as great as
letting them ripen on the tree but still quite good. Plus, we don’t have to
fight the wasps for them.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Aronias are an... acquired taste. They always taste dry in
my mouth even though they can be quite juicy. It comes from the astringency. I
planted two trees with the idea I’d plant more if I liked them. I don’t much
but the tree is doing well and it’s a shame to waste the fruit. I think I’ll
press the fruit and see if I can make the juice palatable.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One new tree that’s coming on line is the mountain ash. Its
berries should be ripe when we get back. We planted the tree because the paw
paw we planted near the same spot wasn’t doing well. Now, both the ash and the
paw paw are doing well. We’re still undecided about what to do next. Lose the
ash? Let them grow together? We really <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">like</i>
the paw paws.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We have five apples we’re trying to harvest. (We have some
crab apples but they hardly count.) Two of them are still too young. One we
planted a while back and lost the label so we’re not sure what it is. It seems
to have a cinnamon flavor. The remaining two are the Granny Smith and the Sops
of Wine. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Sops is a terrific apple. Not too sweet and with a spicy
bite. It is coming in like gangbusters. I had to put props under the branches
before we left The Granny—well, I’ve been fighting that Granny for twenty-five
years. It never gives much of a harvest. We’re talking to a tree service to see
if they can prune it right and help us get it under control. If not... well,
Applewood is nice to work with.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Cornelian Cherries are just about ready to pick. I’m going
to have to make room in the freezer or make wine of them instantly. We’ll see
which. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We’ve reached the point in the main garden where the day to
day work is less. The plants are just so well entrenched the weeds are being
out competed. The biggest job I have is to make sure the melons don’t eat the
bok choy or the pole beans and the cucumbers don’t eat the pintos. Work waiting
for me when I get back.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As I said last time, the beans haven’t been setting much in
the way of fruit because of the heat. That’s lessened some so I’m hoping we’ll
see more. We started pulling in eggplant. The lettuce is in a shady spot so
we’ve had good salads. Other crops such as sugar beets, cabbages, bush beans,
and the like, are doing well. We’ll be harvesting them, soon, too. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’m a little nervous about the potatoes. They’re starting to
turn yellow. Wendy thinks this is when they die back. I think it’s a bit early.
Still, it has been a hot summer. We pulled some the other day and the tubers
look good. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All said, the harvest looks promising. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-71841523167165411142023-07-31T00:00:00.004-04:002023-08-01T09:17:01.113-04:00Arts_&_Crafts_IV: Ball Boy and Chocolate Man<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbiPAr9ObpC1kcUxpDq44RH2MTyxudaq20C-T1ALxWQbbw2dBEsXsbrtipNXBy1X1ZyKypAFcL2sepKWXOipna4HRX5_cFuB7gZVV8KeMmwJzRmvdj9N1TJfkx5agyK79U_iROs99atlptydp69ZqW_iNQ5a9oqhc-lxL7DdgOoo-DGL6-D0QZDW0V-t3/s2258/BallBoyChocolateMan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1278" data-original-width="2258" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbiPAr9ObpC1kcUxpDq44RH2MTyxudaq20C-T1ALxWQbbw2dBEsXsbrtipNXBy1X1ZyKypAFcL2sepKWXOipna4HRX5_cFuB7gZVV8KeMmwJzRmvdj9N1TJfkx5agyK79U_iROs99atlptydp69ZqW_iNQ5a9oqhc-lxL7DdgOoo-DGL6-D0QZDW0V-t3/s320/BallBoyChocolateMan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Pottery: It’s time to be ambitious. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">(Ball Boy is an author photograph a piece of meso-American pottery
from the <a href="https://peabody.harvard.edu/">Harvard Peabody Museum</a>. Chocolate Man is from <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-sacred-roots-of-chocolate">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’ve been interested in meso-American pottery for the entire
last year. I’ve tried various things (see <a href="https://popke-blog.blogspot.com/2023/03/arts-crafts-iii-back-to-bowls.html">here</a>.)
with some success. I decided to actually attempt to replicate some forms.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ball Boy is a container I found in the Harvard Peabody
collection. I’m sad to say I don’t have the identifying information from the
collection. Chocolate Man is a Mayan cacao container. Both are pre-colonial.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let’s start with Ball Boy.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I actually wanted to get fairly close to Ball Boy’s actual
appearance, including the painting. I decided to hand build him by using a <i>puki</i>
as described by <a href="https://ancientpottery.how/">Andy Ward</a>. Pukis are
essentially molds that pottery is pressed into. This particular puki was a bowl
that was roughly spherical shaped. Then, once I had the shape made and properly
smoothed, I popped that one out and made the second one. Now, I had two halves
of a ball. I “glued” them together with <i>slip</i>, clay wet to the point that
it’s more liquid than solid. Once that was done, I tapped it into a spherical
shape.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Then, I made the features and used slip, again, to glue them
into place.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYC2MxqWivNwB5lsrTxn_p3R44ywjQRYKR97VDZqQBxgGlJJ-Oo-YfjOzNK2AyoTj1eQ1Sxz4AwIOOJeLcoKwUBEsrjVEXCo-KIDuaD8IXe5K-J6JZeJTtSogON1-o_LGe4gLIvi7aH_y_xLrfb2hAmmb-_vFfcCEu4AGNpMbsDqf6nCo-KeolaHmcA2w/s4032/BallBoy-greenware-face.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXYC2MxqWivNwB5lsrTxn_p3R44ywjQRYKR97VDZqQBxgGlJJ-Oo-YfjOzNK2AyoTj1eQ1Sxz4AwIOOJeLcoKwUBEsrjVEXCo-KIDuaD8IXe5K-J6JZeJTtSogON1-o_LGe4gLIvi7aH_y_xLrfb2hAmmb-_vFfcCEu4AGNpMbsDqf6nCo-KeolaHmcA2w/w192-h108/BallBoy-greenware-face.jpg" width="192" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">By the time I was done, I had to show him upside down since
there was a hole at the top where he rested. I didn’t want to flatten the
bottom.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQG9JdfSX1AfkPQ8YHX2xpXiZssvIst6uWYUIwsQCbf6_2Ha1VhyLkuYkBDWI72ccOn2CBoz4Dbpdpbq9v7-emqx7S3MIKR1zy8NX72-AEmMZWc5iw_nX99RKKYGg5BPAmdgZax3FnQ5OWObyMt80P-PlUkDf9uHvkVy_MR7SSvBwYduwKgr0S-9M8aEh/s4032/BallBoy-greenware-legs.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="2268" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQG9JdfSX1AfkPQ8YHX2xpXiZssvIst6uWYUIwsQCbf6_2Ha1VhyLkuYkBDWI72ccOn2CBoz4Dbpdpbq9v7-emqx7S3MIKR1zy8NX72-AEmMZWc5iw_nX99RKKYGg5BPAmdgZax3FnQ5OWObyMt80P-PlUkDf9uHvkVy_MR7SSvBwYduwKgr0S-9M8aEh/w129-h229/BallBoy-greenware-legs.jpg" width="129" /></a></div> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Then, I put his legs on.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Now, I had to paint him. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It’s already clear that I had made a few mistakes on the face.
The biggest one was making the ball too small. The original Ball Boy was quite
large—basketball sized. This ball was about the size of basketball, too—if it
was a basketball for toddlers. This meant that the size of the features were
too large in proportion to the ball. I decided to continue with it.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ball boy has some interesting features. First, was his
color. I mixed up some <a href="https://www.soulceramics.com/pages/what-is-underglaze">underglaze</a> to
what I thought would be the right color. A lot of times, the underglaze shows
its true colors before firing. Not so much this time. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlfEMJkgj9Gr4WJ74aiJxuMivoPGYsfurgAnAc-LsLVsFIKDIlUw5VVr1c7C5YAOXWJhMG5F2TdxNx5h3F2ph90nqofcf9vYFIYspHEIu2rLbUWzk5z1IcSkDajzREL-rGb0ORvCL0POqotMnP0Il3yTISZmFSbT5pEXn2yFapgZJ5jxNOLFGgO22Q3h6/s4032/BallBoy-greenware-underglaze02.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlfEMJkgj9Gr4WJ74aiJxuMivoPGYsfurgAnAc-LsLVsFIKDIlUw5VVr1c7C5YAOXWJhMG5F2TdxNx5h3F2ph90nqofcf9vYFIYspHEIu2rLbUWzk5z1IcSkDajzREL-rGb0ORvCL0POqotMnP0Il3yTISZmFSbT5pEXn2yFapgZJ5jxNOLFGgO22Q3h6/w193-h109/BallBoy-greenware-underglaze02.jpg" width="193" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">What came out of <a href="https://ceramicartsnetwork.org/ceramics-monthly/ceramics-monthly-article/Bisque-Firing-101">bisque
firing</a> was interesting but not quite right. Bisque firing is low
temperature. It’s enough to turn clay into ceramic but it’s not chemically complete
for what we do at the <a href="https://www.hopartscenter.org/">Arts Center</a>.
It makes the pot strong enough to hold conveniently, paint, etc. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">It’s not
always clear what the colors are going to look like until the <i>glaze firing</i>.
The temperature is considerably hotter. Glazes take on a glass like consistency.
True color comes out. What goes into a glaze firing—</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0FFU6ig-LZ0OeTp63R0lu-C3R8Ko91dqLd4bQgjI-kjqEvbQlPqZOd3OIgrFMBMrBYkj0P2YK3wnP7J8PjoTbplRng43VBAk7nlWUwfeDAdgC_-T5tW6R3ORhjKD0yklJtjmrh8db5vkYKziH-Y-MafghSeHzhc4BX2wo4BXJTOZncR2q-xdnTyM0ZwC/s4032/BallBoy-bisque-glazing.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="2268" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0FFU6ig-LZ0OeTp63R0lu-C3R8Ko91dqLd4bQgjI-kjqEvbQlPqZOd3OIgrFMBMrBYkj0P2YK3wnP7J8PjoTbplRng43VBAk7nlWUwfeDAdgC_-T5tW6R3ORhjKD0yklJtjmrh8db5vkYKziH-Y-MafghSeHzhc4BX2wo4BXJTOZncR2q-xdnTyM0ZwC/w133-h236/BallBoy-bisque-glazing.jpg" width="133" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal">—isn’t necessarily what comes out.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5100MKxKlxaMk5Vp53BN2kvjmh9wGhv8U3-5bJRYx0JgU-jDfXNqNNcHAUsF-AtNP7ik1xWZmtSrmHVtv7sYYaDrd4nU22kCGt1ecjLWG0dmgbpO5sy7JPUSw_7J-pXlqbuXXpm3MEdETz1IaE-8nB6DpR5wTyR0dhUWBNMjDcfVB_oKBOeDiKtCLwwtx/s4032/BallBoy-finished.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="2268" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5100MKxKlxaMk5Vp53BN2kvjmh9wGhv8U3-5bJRYx0JgU-jDfXNqNNcHAUsF-AtNP7ik1xWZmtSrmHVtv7sYYaDrd4nU22kCGt1ecjLWG0dmgbpO5sy7JPUSw_7J-pXlqbuXXpm3MEdETz1IaE-8nB6DpR5wTyR0dhUWBNMjDcfVB_oKBOeDiKtCLwwtx/s320/BallBoy-finished.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I had a different goal for Chocolate Man. At this point, I
can’t hope to equal the amazing painting. But I did want to approximate the
form.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Again, I used a puki. This time, it was a bucket. When you
look at the form of the original Chocolate man, it’s essentially a bucket with
legs and a top. Once I pulled it out of the puki, I had to smooth it and put
handles and feet on it.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The top I turned on the wheel. It was just easier.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While I didn’t want the original paint job, Chocolate Man
needed some kind of decoration.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’ve been reading a lot about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Lines">Nazca Lines</a> lately. These
are <i>geoglyphs</i>: human made images using the earth as canvas. The Nazca
Lines are particularly interesting. They are elaborate designs of animals,
people, or plants made by removing the topsoil over intricate paths. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis0IsJpIB12E1SVnSiJ25wBegvSu05Av7_3JRrOL642YGh7UWxqPwHmOnvX10a0izLoRUwld1bKL_ip_6ND66px_EFPOREU3XJYfi3A1dBjNCKESnO_esJteiiCq6JVq98DevyQ_C4gL3dlNj-lFAZiIXLnlGlxODLUpROSE7bwdZmbGY0OHlW3Pzw8uLk/s4032/ChocolateMan-greenware-tree.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis0IsJpIB12E1SVnSiJ25wBegvSu05Av7_3JRrOL642YGh7UWxqPwHmOnvX10a0izLoRUwld1bKL_ip_6ND66px_EFPOREU3XJYfi3A1dBjNCKESnO_esJteiiCq6JVq98DevyQ_C4gL3dlNj-lFAZiIXLnlGlxODLUpROSE7bwdZmbGY0OHlW3Pzw8uLk/w160-h90/ChocolateMan-greenware-tree.jpg" width="160" /></a></div><br />I used a DIY decal technique I read about. I traced out the
image I wanted and scanned it. Then, I reduced it to the size I wanted and
printed it out on newsprint. Then, I took the image to the studio and carefully
“inked” over it with red underglaze—I’ve been enjoying using the red underglaze
for a while now. Once that was done, I let it dry. Then, I wet the surface of
the unfired Chocolate Man and carefully sponged the image onto the target pot.
The whole process is described <a href="https://theartofeducation.edu/2019/05/a-step-by-step-guide-to-underglaze-transfers/">here</a>.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The nice thing about this technique is that you do it all on
greenware. Then, it can be repaired or enhanced by working over the image at
the bisque stage. Again, you never know what you’re going to get at the glaze
stage.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VOHevMMhemqLKIzTTUUN4oJwNJWMNZj2y4URbW0RGZfRTAWh2v3RrzfpK-OI-KuKf_6Y2U3EcizbAt1ydpWSichsBsdwLwuKFgDSB65M7zGBJH8d7AwYJUs0h1RHlyx8BVgRhHzZU2MGZu_Soszd4msvlsS59NRaAw-7Gwb9Ukj884zL157mBPP2xccK/s4032/ChocolateMan-bisque-glazing.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="2268" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VOHevMMhemqLKIzTTUUN4oJwNJWMNZj2y4URbW0RGZfRTAWh2v3RrzfpK-OI-KuKf_6Y2U3EcizbAt1ydpWSichsBsdwLwuKFgDSB65M7zGBJH8d7AwYJUs0h1RHlyx8BVgRhHzZU2MGZu_Soszd4msvlsS59NRaAw-7Gwb9Ukj884zL157mBPP2xccK/w119-h211/ChocolateMan-bisque-glazing.jpg" width="119" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">But it came out all right.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXX0xFMMWXRsqh-yOxWK-zpazWiKWDxLu_AWqnkrEyARZpzfS6yoR6ZTRKvMYiWuOQKDRyMJPVfT3fVbY-7YZxpGF1qB_Zyf5F8B_DTKoSmUm2qyTKVEW9ye5o7R6WGaZzOZXQu1alZOgsUYS9IOyolQvyhxiiQmad90kzZaVhKOYK_K14GANSo8CiKcT2/s4032/ChocolateMan-finished.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXX0xFMMWXRsqh-yOxWK-zpazWiKWDxLu_AWqnkrEyARZpzfS6yoR6ZTRKvMYiWuOQKDRyMJPVfT3fVbY-7YZxpGF1qB_Zyf5F8B_DTKoSmUm2qyTKVEW9ye5o7R6WGaZzOZXQu1alZOgsUYS9IOyolQvyhxiiQmad90kzZaVhKOYK_K14GANSo8CiKcT2/s320/ChocolateMan-finished.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Obviously, none of these are perfect. I could have done much
better handles on Chocolate Man. The top doesn’t have the same conical shape as
the original. Pretty much the original is better than the copy in every way.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’m not happy with the eyes on Ball Boy. Ball Boy came out
as more of a parody of the original than anything else. He’s laughing at me. I
can tell.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Still. I’m getting there slowly.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-47547248579990855832023-07-17T00:00:00.001-04:002023-07-17T00:00:00.139-04:00State of the Farm: July, 2023<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVTwMG5oTiOeFsrMqToOd9_-cB7_JUfoGd62bmIf57ehh-H3pcRdafxdP6RsI-Xab7Ihgc-2DmxgUzetMLJXTgg9uGu4KdWnIiKlygDCwcsJN5cinPgR3HmC3kmZ3MM-TPmKZ9NOEC7203qf0B5eigLijyH48eqpI15stigrmvxZ7aTznUS4q4Tdr8ylvm/s4032/garden20230710.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVTwMG5oTiOeFsrMqToOd9_-cB7_JUfoGd62bmIf57ehh-H3pcRdafxdP6RsI-Xab7Ihgc-2DmxgUzetMLJXTgg9uGu4KdWnIiKlygDCwcsJN5cinPgR3HmC3kmZ3MM-TPmKZ9NOEC7203qf0B5eigLijyH48eqpI15stigrmvxZ7aTznUS4q4Tdr8ylvm/w148-h84/garden20230710.jpg" width="148" /></a></div> We’ll start with the bad news. All of our chickens have been
killed. <p></p><p> </p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">This happened a little over a month ago but I haven’t
brought it up. It takes a little time to process this scale of loss. This is
not an emotional loss like that of a dog or cat—these chickens are livestock: egg
layers with meat at the end. We treat them well but they are not pets.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We had 5 adult chickens. These were our main egg layers. We
were considering “retiring” them—meaning, turn to meat—in the fall. But we hadn’t
fully committed to that decision. We had 2 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_chicken">Delawares</a> and 3 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefelder_Kennhuhn">Bielefelders</a>. The
Delawares were great. Good layers all year round except when molting. The
Bielefelders were more problematic. They weren’t great layers and they had a
tendency to be “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broodiness">broody</a>”—hens
that would sit on eggs trying to hatch them. We had already tried letting one
of those broody hens actually hatch a collection and that failed.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In addition to the 5 adult chickens, we had 8 young chickens
ranging from six to eight inches in height. These were to be the replacement
chickens. The plan was to retire the Bielefelders—they really weren’t producing
and, maybe, try to get the adult Delawares and the young Delawares to live together.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The last idea was tricky as chickens
have a tendency to peck intruding chickens to death.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We had moved the adult chickens to our auxiliary coop and
put the young chickens in the main house. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, it’s early June and my wife comes in quite upset: all of
the chickens are missing or dead. There is one largish chicken corpse left in
the main coop and two bodies left in the auxiliary coop.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We’d had a major incursion about ten years ago when a bobcat
tore apart the PVC framed coop I’d built. At that point we’d had four
survivors: two in the PVC coop and two that had been safe in auxiliary coop. I
had torn down the PVC coop and built Stalag-17, that main coop, and reinforced
the auxiliary coop. I figured I’d learned my lesson: when you build something
resembling a farm, to nature it looks like a great buffet. We’d already
refenced the main garden and topped it with an electric wire to keep out deer
on the top and rabbits on the bottom. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I even reinforced the main coop with hardware cloth to keep out
mice and such. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Upon investigation, we found one corner of the main coop
that I hadn’t covered with hardware cloth. There we found scraps of feathers.
From the evidence, we concluded we’d been attacked by a family of <a href="https://backyardpoultry.iamcountryside.com/coops/weasels-killing-chickens/">weasels</a>:
the right size and the right behavior. The largest youngling just wouldn’t fit
through the fencing.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The auxiliary was a bit tougher. The weasel scenario didn’t
seem to apply since these chickens were ten to twelve pounds: much too large
for the fence gaps. I finally found a corner where some of the old chicken wire
had rotted away and the predator had enlarged into a hole. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We’ve had chickens for close to thirty years. As I’ve
mentioned, this isn’t the first-time nature came calling. But this time is
different.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our son moved back in to the house last year and stayed with
us. Up to that point, we’d been having a daily breakfast of eggs. For the two
of us, this almost exactly matched the chicken egg output. But he can’t eat
dairy and, to me, eggs without cheese are not worth eating. On top of that, my
wife went back into the office three times a week after the first of the year.
Commute times being what they were, this precluded breakfast of any kind, much
less eggs. The eggs stacked up.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My son moved out in the spring and we started making a dent
in the eggs. We also made some egg bread and other egg-based treats. But we
were still producing more eggs than we were consuming. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now, we have no eggs coming in at all.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The chickens aren’t
a lot of work but they are work. They produce a material we don’t eat as much
as we used to. There’s a certain minimum number of hens we need for them to
survive the winter and that minimum produces more eggs than we consume. Added
to that, the chief impediment for us to travel is the chickens. The greenhouse
only takes a minimum of effort in the winter. The garden is only active during
the summer. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Over the last few
years, the maximum time we can leave the homestead is a week. While this is
fine for some locations, it doesn’t make any sense to travel all the way to, say,
Greece with that constraint: 1 day travel there, ½ day to recover, 1 day travel
back, to get 4.5 days of visit. When we visited China for nearly three weeks,
it took a great deal of planning to get someone to take care of things while we
were gone.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, we’ve been discussing whether we want chickens <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at all</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. That’s going to be a discussion over the next year and we’ll make a
decision next spring.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">But the rest of the
garden is doing very well.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The picture above
shows the main garden: cabbage, cold weather crops, beans, melons, tomatoes,
basil, peas, turnips, and sugar beets. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_beetle">Japanese beetles</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have made a come back this year. So far, they
haven’t eaten everything down to the bone like they did previous years. But it’s
been raining so much I haven’t been able to spray properly. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">While the whole
peach family didn’t blossom this year, we did get blossoms on paw-paws, apples,
quinces, pears, and grapes. Then, a strange little freeze came through in April
and burnt the growing plants selectively—one part of a tree had frostburn and
another part of the tree would be fine. All of this was near the main road. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The main house
never registered a temperature for an actual freeze but we’re about thirty feet
higher than the road and the other side of the road is lower still. My
hypothesis is that area got quite cold at the road and below but that didn’t
get up to the trees. Then, a truck drove by or a light, morning breeze and
strands of freezing air wound over the lower property.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Anyway, looks like
we lost the paw-paws.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The June rains were
warmer this year and the fruit trees and grapes loved that. Then, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">warm</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> rains came and everything liked that. We’re on a hill so the water
didn’t pool anywhere and the slope isn’t so great that we had washout. We
packed the last of this year’s chicken manure around various plants and were
richly rewarded. The grapes that have been low producing the last couple of
years told me that </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">this</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is what they were waiting for.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">And the potatoes
are </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">huge</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. We planted about twenty pounds of seed
potatoes and we’re hoping for a five-fold return. That’s the hope anyway.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There are some
funguses that I need to watch. Several raised beds have strong, and poisonous,
mushroom crops and there is some kind of brown wilt on the grapes. Some
spraying is required and I’ll do that as soon as we get a string of sunny days.
There are some beds that look like they have a nitrogen shortage so more manure
needs to be distributed. We were going to plant some pumpkins but the stores
didn’t have varieties we wanted so that moment has passed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">So, aside from the
chickens, it’s been good so far.</span></p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-24139029564026142032023-07-03T00:00:00.006-04:002023-07-03T00:00:00.177-04:00The Problem of Heat<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="404" height="86" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Wiki_ostrich.jpg" width="146" /></a></div><br />In these hot days I thought it might be interesting to talk
about how animals deal with heat.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I went into graduate school to study environmental
physiology, got side tracked, and ended up in neurophysiology. Then, of course,
went into software engineering as one does. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Temperature is a problem for any organism. The enzymes,
proteins, nucleic acids—essentially, the chemistry of life—operate in a
relatively narrow range of temperature. This range is shifted up or down
depending on the animal heritage and evolutionary history—some organisms live
close to the boiling point of water. Others operate a hair’s breadth from
water’s freezing point. But there is an optimal chemical temperature range for the
cellular chemistry as a whole. Outside of that optimum, and cellular operations lose
efficiency. Further outside, they fail. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A good visual example is a chicken egg. It has a temperature
range in which the egg remains nice and liquid—a fertile ground for another
chicken. Cook it and the egg proteins congeal into a rubbery substance suitable
for consumption. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thus, organisms work to maintain that optimum range if they
can. Or they change their internal conditions to survive as spores or other
dormant conditions. Or they trust to numbers that only a portion of the
population dies. Or they go extinct.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some complex animals—fish, clams, lizards, humans—have
mobility and can modify the conditions with their behavior such as ascending or
descending a water column, migrating to a different area, or, as I saw one
heat-stressed sea lion do, piss themselves to cause evaporative cooling. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Such complex animals have a complex problem with
thermoregulation. Remember, I said the cell had an optimum temperature range
for its chemistry as a whole. A complex organism has a larger problem in that
it has an optimum temperature range for the chemistry of the entire organism.
These optimum temperatures might be different for different tissues. Muscles
have one temperature range. Brains have a different one. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Animals fall, roughly, into two categories of
thermoregulation: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotherm"><i>endothermic</i></a>,
where there are important mechanisms that keep the internal temperature
constant in a changing world, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectotherm"><i>ectothermic</i></a>, where
temperature is maintained behaviorally or endured through physiological means.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is <i>very</i> rough. Placental mammals are generally
endothermic, though there are significant exceptions for animals that hibernate.
Non-placental mammals —marsupials and monotremes—are endothermic but the
maintained temperature range is <a href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:380292">looser</a>. Birds are
endothermic. Other vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, and reptiles, tend
towards ectothermic. This isn’t universally true since tuna and some kinds of
sharks have developed the capacity of keeping some tissue significantly warmer
than the surrounding water. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Whether dinosaurs were endothermic or not has been an
ongoing debate for over a century. It seems that there is a sort of consensus
that they were, sort of. Certainly, some dinosaurs might have been as
endothermic as birds. But others—especially the large sauropods—might have just
relied on unregulated activity to keep them warm enough. True endothermy is
expensive and problematic.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Every chemical reaction creates waste heat. This means every
heartbeat, thought, muscle movement, alcohol metabolism in the liver, produces
heat. This is in <i>addition</i> to any metabolism that is used to maintain
body temperature. Animals can handle cold. Penguins regularly handle <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-emperor-penguins-survive-antarcticas-subzero-cold-604370/">-40C
temperatures</a>. They have biochemical and physiological mechanisms that
enable them to do this. But they also have a raging endothermic furnace that
keeps their insides warm. The problem there is to prevent heat loss to an unforgiving
outside world.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Heat <i>gain</i> is a different problem. There are two main
sources of heat in the endothermic body: inside and outside. The problem is to
cool the inside from both sources. But in this case, the mechanism of getting
rid of the heat <i>produces</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> heat.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is one of the
sources of runaway heat exhaustion leading to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">heat stroke</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.
Consider the problem if heat intake from the environment: air temperature, solar
or other infra-red radiation. The problem is how to lose heat that is generated
internally in an environment where the outside temperature is higher than the
inside temperature. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Remember, the whole
point of thermoregulation in endotherms is to keep a constant temperature. When
sweat fails—as in a high humidity environment—the system can’t keep the outside
temperature from driving up the inside temperature. Worse, all of those lovely
thermoregulatory mechanisms such as sweating, increased heart beat and
circulation, panting, generate heat, too. This all adds up. As long as there is
a net heat loss, the system works. If the outside conditions change that to a
heat gain—or the system fails as in sweat exhaustion where the glands give
up—things get difficult.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In furred animals,
fur serves as a barrier to heat intake—certainly it interferes with heat
output, but if the net gain from that desert sun is prevented by the fur, it’s
a win. It’s part of the reason for the </span>clothing style <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">in some desert cultures. The
bet is that the heat not rejected by the fur or hair insulation is more than
that gained by the retention of internal heat. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">We’re not furred
animals. When we’re out in the hot sun it transmits that heat right onto us.
Unless we’re wearing special clothes, we take that heat in.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Humans do this in
two ways: sweating and behavior. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Sweating is
astonishingly effective when it works. People talk about a “dry heat.” What
they mean is it’s a heat state where sweat works. If the humidity is 5% in the
desert, that sweat evaporation is often sufficient to keep much hotter
temperatures at bay. Picking a number at random, let’s say a 98.6F human needs
to keep the skin temperature at about 70F for a net heat loss maintaining that
internal temperature. As the temperature climbs—maintaining low humidity—the
human can keep ahead of heat stroke as long as the sweat production can
evaporate that skin to 70F. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The curve for that
is fairly long in humans. In an effective 0% humidity, Army experiments were
able to keep humans alive in an oven well in excess of any earthly temperature.
(See </span><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-maximum-temperature-the-human-body-can-reach"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">here</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. I looked for the original paper and couldn’t find it but this high
temp (~248F) is close to what I recall from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Schmidt-Nielsen"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Knut Schmidt-Nielsen’s</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> excellent book, </span><a href="https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/how-animals-work_knut-schmidt-nielsen/422633/item/3673408"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How Animals Work</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. The studies were done during and after WW
II by the Army.) However, survivability drops quickly with increasing humidity
to the point that a 95F temperature at 100% humidity is likely fatal.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This is what makes
the current heat wave down south so incredibly dangerous. It’s hot </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> humid. In addition, many of the more dangerous places are </span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/learn-about-heat-islands"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">heat islands</i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, areas that by virtue of buildings, human activities, or reduced
natural landscapes, magnify the problem. Buckminster Fuller once pointed out
that the skyscraper structure of New York City resembled a heat sink—a attachment
to a heat producing device that increases the surface area in order to radiate
waste heat. In the summer, each building is not only reflecting solar heat on
those outside, but also radiating its own heat from lights or air conditioning.
Thus, the air temperature outside the city might be many degrees cooler than
the city itself. Take New York City and transplant it to southern Texas and you
have Houston.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Which brings us to the second mechanism: behavior. Humans
have a huge range of possible behaviors from summering up in Maine, going
inside to the air conditioner or under the shade of a tree, jumping in the pool,
to drinking ice water. Other animals do the same, hiding in the shade during
the heat of the day. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Just like humans can engage in behavior to protect
themselves from the heat, they’re also smart enough to engage in behavior that
exacerbates the problem. Like going to a baseball game, drinking alcohol,
working outside when it’s dangerously hot. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So be smart and take this stuff seriously.</p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-42216746023801669032023-06-19T00:00:00.011-04:002023-06-19T00:00:00.156-04:00Toonsi Crater Speculation<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ov250pq1nytg6nmm8w4y0vfdt3xsvte.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="800" height="217" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ov250pq1nytg6nmm8w4y0vfdt3xsvte.png" width="620" /></a></div><p><br />Be patient with me while I talk about this. </p><p> </p><p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Humans separated from chimpanzees between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution">4-7 million years ago</a>.
This time is a significant point of discussion in the human evolution
community. The most recent value I’ve found is <a href="https://www.reuters.com/science/what-makes-us-human-primate-genome-study-offers-some-clues-2023-06-01/">6.9-9
million years ago</a>. (Original article <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7829">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fossil timing is a bit different. The earliest genus
associated with human evolution is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>. The
ancestor of Australopithecus is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a><i>.</i> The
earliest known Ardipithecus is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba"><i>Ardipithecus
kadabba</i></a>. <i>Ar. kadabba</i> is thought to be 5.77-5.54 million years
old. (See the above illustration to show the timeline I’m trying to describe.)
Ar. kadabba is thought to be close to the dividing point between chimps and
humans. Although, if the 6.9-9 million figure is borne out, there is a lost 2
or so million years to account for.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Somewhere between <i>Ar. kadabba</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis"><i>Homo habilis</i></a>, the
populations changed from pre-human to human—maybe not modern human but for
better or worse, everything in genus Homo is human.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There have been massive studies and speculation as to what
caused that transformation. This has included pocket population isolation, changes
in ecology, and specific mutations. But none of this is conclusive. There <i>were</i>
ecological shifts in the areas where Ardipithecus, and subsequent
Australopithecus, lived. Many of the Australopithecus species show specific
adaptations to local conditions—which one would expect from evolution. As we
know, correlation is not causation. We know <a href="https://www.lemonysnicket.com/">a series of evolutionary events</a>
occurred but we’re hazy on the cause. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If we go back to the timing (see the above illustration
again), we see <i>Ar. kadabba</i> a little less than six million years ago.
This is followed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus"><i>Ar.
ramidus</i></a>, around 4.4 mya. After that, speciation comes thick and fast
until H. habilis shows up about 2.3 mya.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Ar. kadabba</i> was discovered in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Awash">Middle Awash</a> of Ethiopia.
<i>Ar. ramidus</i> was discovered nearby in the Afar region. Australopithecus
species existed in eastern Africa beginning in 4.2 mya and became widespread
throughout eastern and southern Africa. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That’s the picture I want to paint: Ardipithecus living in
Ethiopia, then Australopithecus a couple of million years later.
Australopithecus spread around and eventually birthed <i>Homo habilis</i>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My wife and I regularly watch geology YouTube channels. One
of our favorites (and a favoritism we share with many) is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@GeologyHub">GeologyHub</a>. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A few days ago, we watched one of the new videos describing
a new crater discovered in Saudi Arabia: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIAIbPFNpm0">Toonsi Crater</a>, described
in the original <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371181000_Discovery_of_a_15-kilometer-wide_impact_crater_candidate_in_western_Saudi_Arabia">paper</a>
by <span class="yt-core-attributed-string">Abdulrahman Toonsi</span>. This crater
borders the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrat_Rahat">Harrat Rahat</a>
volcano formation. Toonsi’s paper suggests that the crater is quite old since
there is no basalt of the volcano formation in the breccia created in the
impact. The geologist behind GeologyHub believes it is considerably younger
than that since the rims of the crater interrupt the basalt of the volcano
field. He estimates it is 4-6 mya. GeologyHub estimates that the immediate fire
zone of the impact to be about 320 miles away from the crater. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’m listening to this and the dates stick out at me. I look
up the material I described previously. Sure enough, the GeologyHub date
happens smack in the beginning of the Ardipithecus/Australopithecus period. The
crater itself is about five hundred miles from the Middle Awash and the Afar
region of Ethiopia—out of the fire zone but well within any potential
ecological disruption. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am <i>not</i> saying that the Toonsi impact caused world
wide ecological devastation like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater">Chicxulub impact</a> did.
I <i>am</i> saying there’s a potential impact event possibly dated to the cusp
of some big changes in human evolution. Correlation is not causation but isn’t
it interesting?</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The research has not been peer reviewed so it could fall
apart. I’m not sure it’s going to be—Toonsi is a 15 year old geologist of
serious talent but that may not get him as far as he would like. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But I want somebody out there to look at it. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-70316264776295923472023-06-06T00:00:00.001-04:002023-06-06T00:00:00.153-04:00New Book Announcement: Nuthatch County<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmbpLqOnfhjC5DWiET1cbYf3HlEOpCO1I088ONXx_5EQjcQyN8QhsjduGx9kfz4TwF2Ljx6KQzmThyzLPvks_Pwfhko9FusJHP-SK9XmK6oiJ_B4Rrd0IMKjNELFnWVt1iOsGnf9Jwy6Dcc4syR-C_vLPVQJRGnoAfKubvKD8KdVyRBtSSLO8z1BqgeA/s5400/front%20Nuthatch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5400" data-original-width="3600" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmbpLqOnfhjC5DWiET1cbYf3HlEOpCO1I088ONXx_5EQjcQyN8QhsjduGx9kfz4TwF2Ljx6KQzmThyzLPvks_Pwfhko9FusJHP-SK9XmK6oiJ_B4Rrd0IMKjNELFnWVt1iOsGnf9Jwy6Dcc4syR-C_vLPVQJRGnoAfKubvKD8KdVyRBtSSLO8z1BqgeA/w85-h128/front%20Nuthatch.jpg" width="85" /></a></div><br />My new novel, <i>Nuthatch County</i>, is not available for pre-order in many places. The Universal Book Link is <a href="https://books2read.com/b/baB6q2">here</a>. When the book is available at <a href="https://bookviewcafe.com/">Book View Cafe</a>, I'll send out another entry. Here is the back cover copy:<p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><blockquote>Jeremy DaFoe looks human enough. He farms soybeans and corn on his small farm. His wife Betty loves him. His best friend Buddy admires him. His enemy Luke plots revenge.<br /> <br />But Jeremy is an ancient being of incredible power trapped in Nuthatch County. His presence has shaped its body and soul for thousands of years. The people, plants, and geology revolve around him. Old resentments, historical wrongs, and past social pressures have built over the years like tectonic forces.<br /> <br />The time has come for change.<br /><br />Some in the County want it to be violent. They may get their wish.</blockquote><br /><p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-84134151180822568392023-06-05T00:00:00.001-04:002023-06-05T00:00:00.302-04:00Normacy and Narration<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="598" height="156" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" width="116" /></a></div><br />
<p class="MsoNormal">If you read any book on fiction writing, you’ll end up
reading about the <i><a href="https://artofnarrative.com/2021/03/16/how-to-create-stories-with-the-three-act-structure/">three-act
structure</a></i>. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Picture from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle">here</a>.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Often, it is discussed as a character proceeding along a
particular path that is then disturbed by some kind of inciting incident. The
character then spends the rest of the story attempting to return to the
character’s original path and failing. Ultimately, the character attains some
kind of resolution that is not the original character’s arc but a new path and
the story ends. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is attributed to Aristotle but he observed its existence.
He didn’t invent it. It is even likened to Newtonian mechanics: an object with
a given direction and velocity will remain the same until perturbed by a
collision and that will result in a new direction and velocity. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It pretty much describes every Hitchcock film ever.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is one venerable and respected description of story
plot and I won’t criticize it at this time but it leaves unknown the reasoning,
understanding, and heritage that creates the character path in the first place.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Back in the eighties when I was first working in the
software field, I met a very interesting individual. Let’s call him Dwayne. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dwayne was very smart and a recovering alcoholic. He did not
disguise either of these features. In his opinion, people who were put off by
either of these qualities were not worth his time. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(He had an interesting take on alcoholism and people’s
response to it. To paraphrase, if someone came out of anesthesia and acted bizarrely,
people would blame the drug. Why, then, are people surprised when drunk people
act out? It’s the <i>drug</i>, not the person. The problem is getting the drug
out of the person’s system. But I digress.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dwayne viewed people as having a <i>normal</i> state. This
is not “normal” in the sense of average or societal acceptance. Instead, he
viewed it as the ground state of the person. The state where the person felt
comfortable. Where things were accepted. Where things <i>felt</i> normal. And
that people attempted to preserve that state and defended it regardless if the
state were good, bad, or catastrophic. In his opinion, determining what one
felt was <i>normal</i> and then critically standing it up against a desired
state was the job of a thinking adult. Altering one’s perception of normal was
how one created change in one’s self.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I left that job in the early eighties and lost contact with
Dwayne. I suspect he never gave me much more thought but I’ve been thinking
about him—and <i>normalcy</i>—ever since.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Normalcy</i> determines the path the individual remains
on in the absence of other perturbations, either internal or external. If one
grows up in an alcoholic household or as a child soldier, that feels <i>normal</i>.
It’s not good. It’s not even necessarily what the individual wants. But it is
what the individual <i>knows</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> and
that gives it a strange kind of comfort. A good story is standing up an example
that conflicts with that normal, either worse or better, and having the
character wrestle with attempting to reconcile a familiar ground state with the
possibility of something new.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The advantage of
this approach to characters is that it opens a mechanism that one can examine
how human beings change internally. It defines the ground state that the character
begins with and presents a metaphor the character can use to present how the
character’s internal state changes—from the point of view of the character. That
change is something I am very much interested in. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The interesting
character in the original </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Star
Wars</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> three films and the prequels is,
of course, Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader. Anakin goes from an innocent boy who
loves his mother to a monster and from that monster to a redeemed saint. You
can argue the execution was clumsy and the—well, all of the criticisms are
valid. We’ll leave it at that.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">But the arc is
terrific, regardless of how badly it was implemented. Anakin’s corruption from
boy to monster does not result from corruption by Palpatine but by
incrementally worse and worse choices. Aided by the corruptor, to be sure, but Anakin
made those choices. He is a moral participant in the story, not a mindless
automaton. What makes those choice interesting is the ground state he begins
with—the life with his slave mother—and how he reacts to changed circumstances.
As a moral actor, why didn’t he save his mother? What was the moral choice of
following the priesthood vs. his earthly duty? </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The failure of the
films is not the presentation of the arc. It’s the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lack</i> of presentation of those internal state transitions.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprenticeship_of_Duddy_Kravitz_(film)">The
Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz</a></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,
Duddy is a poor Jewish young man in Montreal who dreams of being successful. He
has a particular image of what success means—landedness—and the story is how he
achieves it and the costs to get there. He is less changed by circumstances
than he changes himself. The arc of the story allows the viewer to witness
those changes. The act of side characters confronting Duddy is the means by
which Duddy has to justify himself and justify those changes he decides to
make.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Understanding the
normal state of the character—the character’s ground state—gives the author the
degrees of freedom both in how a person can change and how a person will
change. It wraps up the inciting incident with motivation and takes that
passive Newtonian object and turns it into a character.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-16495781877829764142023-05-15T00:00:00.001-04:002023-05-15T00:00:00.190-04:00State of the Farm 2023: May Planting<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
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<![endif]--></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieffXjwJEKTGUtC9Wqozm-d_i3T9j3iqLWQW0ULG3im7k99PUo6EbHwot93uEASAt88daF2-2L8uoMKWeYCzrlDTo7JdAtK4C-cCRQmX6dbDeM8spJI5lEKhX2StDwvi2fB8rJ806LCsCrHdI0oeWFJjxTnG3ef_m-rNb4hwWhcA9Xu6q8eIs7d5st8w/s4032/GardenPreWork.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieffXjwJEKTGUtC9Wqozm-d_i3T9j3iqLWQW0ULG3im7k99PUo6EbHwot93uEASAt88daF2-2L8uoMKWeYCzrlDTo7JdAtK4C-cCRQmX6dbDeM8spJI5lEKhX2StDwvi2fB8rJ806LCsCrHdI0oeWFJjxTnG3ef_m-rNb4hwWhcA9Xu6q8eIs7d5st8w/w125-h70/GardenPreWork.jpg" width="125" /></a></div><br />I don’t normally put up much on the farm this time of year
but I’m fairly excited this year.
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We’ve
had an extraordinarily warm April followed by a fairly warm May. Normally, we
wait for full planting until Memorial Day—the time when we can be assured of no
late frost. But this year we’re taking a chance on the weather.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">First,
let’s talk about the orchard. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">None of
the stone fruits managed to create blossoms. Between the drought last year and
the mild winter punctuated by below zero cold, they seem to have said <i>to
hell with reproduction. Let’s just try to stay alive.</i> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">That’s
okay. There’s always next year. I don’t blame them one little bit.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">To make
up for it, all of the paw paws, apples, pears, cherries, and Cornelian
Cherries, seem to be setting bumber crops. We have four pear trees. Two are long
established and two are about four years old. The long established pears have
on the order of fifty blossoms each. One of the young trees has a few blossom
and I think the other is thinking about it for next year. We have evidence that
there are set fruit on all of the blooming trees but don’t have an idea of how
many. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">It helps
that there are a lot of bees this year.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">All of
the apples—even the ones that have not shown blossoms before—bloomed. There’s
some evidence that there might be fruit set but nothing to count on at this
point. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We have two
cherry trees full of set fruit and same for Cornelian Cherries.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0OWz7Ti28uDF4jCuxHoRQLBSxJ9bGe2LU4sYJpDhd0bl07TN7MX7It1OOYy79I9f99JQvTdTqHjqf50M-q9meVpcZcxkcqeuVnpx16FAIklBwG4Anj7suBM3iZfjq5ZumXlhSFLRTh_VWn8bUz85GOuK-bb5EuE6EHst1xCqbI8lrkk0bWn8twqbs3g/s4032/quinces.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0OWz7Ti28uDF4jCuxHoRQLBSxJ9bGe2LU4sYJpDhd0bl07TN7MX7It1OOYy79I9f99JQvTdTqHjqf50M-q9meVpcZcxkcqeuVnpx16FAIklBwG4Anj7suBM3iZfjq5ZumXlhSFLRTh_VWn8bUz85GOuK-bb5EuE6EHst1xCqbI8lrkk0bWn8twqbs3g/w155-h87/quinces.jpg" width="155" /></a></div><br />Even the
new quinces that I planted last summer—that were pounded by the falling hickory—have
blossomed. Heck, even the brand, spanking new quince that I pulled from the box
a week ago has blossoms. (The white stuff is Surround, a clay caterpillar preventative.)<br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWXm5Oxz7VOHj3VTJXuHF7DNZBx81QSTqHJPi8QzRLv187P8jK6X6Q0Ou-LyJKzFr1VLsWq_G3FzpfUhPCwo-iYLIjxBR7xRF0zNFyh2kdsdDqPrFCiMmMFQrpaRbNwZJICHHUS0eIX5p9hiHFxyUdJXV7REfIW23e5YP6rZ4AyXDB0B0kesPDoD5v4w/s4160/PawPaw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4160" data-original-width="3120" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWXm5Oxz7VOHj3VTJXuHF7DNZBx81QSTqHJPi8QzRLv187P8jK6X6Q0Ou-LyJKzFr1VLsWq_G3FzpfUhPCwo-iYLIjxBR7xRF0zNFyh2kdsdDqPrFCiMmMFQrpaRbNwZJICHHUS0eIX5p9hiHFxyUdJXV7REfIW23e5YP6rZ4AyXDB0B0kesPDoD5v4w/w100-h133/PawPaw.jpg" width="100" /></a></div>We have
five paw paw trees. Three of them are now old enough to put out blossoms—the remainder
are still too young. Paw paws take a while. The Elder Tree is covered with
flowers from base to crown and the two younger trees next to it have blossoms
true so we should get some cross pollination. Paw paws taste like the best part
of mangos and bananas mixed together and a hint of sparkling wine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are hoping, someday, have to solve the
problem of fruit storage. So far, we’ve just eaten them. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Now, let’s
turn to the garden.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">This is
the first year we’re going to try to truly scale up. The target has always been
to get a significant amount of our calories from the garden. This year we’re
going to put what we’ve learned toward that goal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBDJElUTs6rJiV60CmZ6BoRuMeKzZ7QoNFv3l45WUVHOGJCLLJSjsa36QItSLACcvvaVkbM-9nM3boaqV2IUnDqYif85aAr4JWvPZtHsY9SdbuRTQOaKQo-YxRrSMdrZjECYHrnjKOavMZ2wcPraQ7cn4DhlYuE6B7KXi57yuwXpmQL5Uo401ZTxLafw/s4032/trellises.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBDJElUTs6rJiV60CmZ6BoRuMeKzZ7QoNFv3l45WUVHOGJCLLJSjsa36QItSLACcvvaVkbM-9nM3boaqV2IUnDqYif85aAr4JWvPZtHsY9SdbuRTQOaKQo-YxRrSMdrZjECYHrnjKOavMZ2wcPraQ7cn4DhlYuE6B7KXi57yuwXpmQL5Uo401ZTxLafw/w142-h80/trellises.jpg" width="142" /></a></div>I’ve
mentioned before we’ve decided to implement cattle fence panel trellises. We
bought six of them and set them up in pairs. Each panel is 16 ft x ~4 ft so
this gives us three trellis tunnels eight feet long. The plan is to plant beans,
squash, etc., on the trellises and we’re dedicating a significant section of
the garden to bush beans. We’re trying for significant poundage from beans.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">But the
big calorie source is going to be from potatoes. We’re planting two thirty-pound
bags worth of seed potatoes. So far, we have two Birdie Beds and a big chunk of
the east garden planted—about 2/3 worth of the seed potatoes. We’re hoping for
a three-fold increase but we would like to get much more. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Squash
has always worked for us and we’ll be hopefully getting more yield there, too. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">It does
mean we’re going to have to be serious about storage. The beans will have to be
dried. We’re going to need something to act as a root cellar for all those
potatoes. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Man,
that’s a problem I’m looking forward to solving.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">It’s
still a big risk. While I’ve got more time these days to manage the garden we’re
always at the mercy of the weather. We can manage a drought as long as it’s not
so severe we’re attacked by the wild life. But a cold, wet June is hard to
recover from. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We shall
see.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Next
time I promise I’ll talk about something else.</p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-56875521813615730682023-05-01T00:00:00.001-04:002023-05-01T00:00:00.141-04:00Something Good: The Zoonomia Project<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/science.adi1599/asset/77dde40a-2db6-4179-96fb-74a546885b8f/assets/images/large/science.adi1599-f1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="521" height="125" src="https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/science.adi1599/asset/77dde40a-2db6-4179-96fb-74a546885b8f/assets/images/large/science.adi1599-f1.jpg" width="81" /></a></div><br />I’ve said before that humans are amazing creatures.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">(Picture
from <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1599">here</a>.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We are
incredibly smart—so smart that we forget how smart we are when we do stupid
things or find minimal common ground with other animals. “Well, if a myna bird
can use tools, they must be on a par with us. Therefore, tool using isn’t such
a great thing.” Forgetting, for the moment, that while a myna bird might use a
stick or a chimp might solve a maze, neither has built computers, sky scrapers,
trains, or managed to get off earth into space.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">You can
argue the <i>value</i> of these things but you can’t argue we did it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Every
now and then we outdo ourselves. The <i><a href="https://zoonomiaproject.org/">Zoonomia
Project</a></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is an example.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mammals arose 200 million years ago, around
the same time dinosaurs began taking off. The two groups do have a stem
ancestor long ago but very few of the traits that dinosaurs, crocodilians,
birds, etc., have any shared origin with mammals. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">However, mammals </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">do</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> have a lot of shared
ancestry with each other. Mammals died back, diversified, radiated, <a href="https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/06/20/mammaliaforms-ecological-radiation/">rinse
and repeat</a>, over tens of millions of years. But many of the ancient
lineages died during the Cretaceous extinction along with other animals. This
means that modern animals derive from a lot of common stock. Primates, bats, cows,
dogs, and cats, all originated either just before the extinction event or
somewhat after. By examining the differences, it could be possible to tease out
how any individual group pulled their physical characteristics from the
originating material.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Zoonomia Project, carried out jointly at
MIT and Harvard, took <a href="https://zoonomiaproject.org/the-mammal-tree-view/">240 diverse animals</a>
and fully sequenced their genes. Then, they compared the codes against each
other. That this was done at all is a terrific achievement. That this was done </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">now</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> is especially interesting. The <a href="https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project">Human Genome Project</a> finished
over twenty years ago but at that time not much was known about the sequences.
Then, sequencing techniques improved enormously, gene roles began to be
understood, and genetic alterations became an established scientific operation.
We don’t know all that much—there is a lot to know—but we know a whole lot more
than we did then. Enough to perhaps understand what we’re seeing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">And we’re seeing a lot. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The <a href="https://www.science.org/toc/science/380/6643">April 28 2023</a> issue of Science
has several <a href="https://zoonomiaproject.org/the-white-paper/">papers</a>
released from Zoonomia, all of which are exciting.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The first order of business is pure
accounting: what changed between these lineages and how much? Evolution is a
constant tug-of-war between innovation and conservation. Innovation introduces
new genetic behavior. This could be sequences moved, changed, or deleted. All
of which </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">could</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> have an effect but could also be deleterious
or result in no change at all. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Conservation, however, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prevents</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> change. There’s no point in improving an existing system. This is
especially true for very important systems since innovating involves the risk
of losing the behavior that makes the sequence important in the first place. <a href="https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/206">Hemoglobin</a> is a good example for
this. Hemoglobin is extremely efficient in capturing and releasing oxygen
appropriately. It is </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">highly</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> conserved. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Therefore, seeing which sequences have been
innovated vs sequences that have been conserved across species gives us an
insight into what is important to mammals as a whole. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Innovation and conservation aren’t just
common to mammals, thought. This is also important to individual groups of
mammals. One group might innovate in a sequence that another group might
conserve. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Analyzing this is the province of the Christmas,
and others, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn3943">paper</a>.
Innovation reflects selection across a set of sequences. Sequences that show a
great deal of change over time reflect rapid evolution. Sequences that show
little change (highly conserved or </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">constrained</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) within a group should reflect those qualities
that evolution has shaped in the lineage. Knowing the nature of cats, we might
expect a fair amount of conservation of those genes that reflect their behavior
and their indicative collective traits.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Because we are who we are, we looked first
to those traits we like about ourselves: brain size. They also looked at sense
of smell, and hibernation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">One of the interesting results the Christmas
paper is that many conserved sequences had no known function. In addition, they
discovered that at least 10% of the genome is functional. Since about 1%
actually codes for proteins, a whole lot of the genome is bent around the task
of regulating expression rather than actual expression. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">It is very clear this <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2876-6">comparator</a> tool is
extremely useful.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Zoonomia data is already serving up
interesting papers outside the project. One is <a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/humans-evolved-bigger-brains-mutations/">Katie
Pollard’s</a> work with human accelerated regions (HARs) in the human genome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pollard has been working the HARs for some
time. Pollard’s HARs are </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">enhancers</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, dialing gene expression up or down during
development—especially during brain development. Working on concert with the
Project, Pollard has been examining </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">why</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> HARs happened in the first place. She found
that about a third of the HARs between humans and chimps involved how DNA was
folded. This seems to suggest that the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">structural</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> nature of DNA
might have something to do with brain development. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">They hypothesis is that by changing the
structural folding of DNA within the cell, HARs were brought into closer
proximity to genes responsible for brain development. I.e., the genetic sequence
responsible for brain development is brought close to an HAR that enhances its
activity.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pollard’s work suggests that a random
sequence mutation might have been the originating impulse for our brain
development. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This doesn’t surprise me: this is </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exactly</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> where randomness usually appears. Consider that humans derive from
primates, animals with two eyes pointing forward, the perceive color, with very
nice hands, and a fair starting brain. This was fertile ground to take
advantage of increasing brain capability. Once that variation in capability was
available, evolution jumped right on it. Chimps haven’t changed much in the
last few million years since we split from them but </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">we</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> have.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Another paper, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl8189">lead author Foley</a>,
attempts to build a timeline of mammalian evolution. This timeline suggests a significant
increase in diversity </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prior</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> to the Cretaceous extinction that was
exacerbated after the dinosaurs were taken out of the way. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There are eleven papers in that </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> issue. Every one of them is gold.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nice to feel good about being human once in
a while.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5078920216932013713.post-69746035086023843982023-04-17T00:00:00.001-04:002023-04-17T00:00:00.220-04:00State of the Farm: 2023 Spring Cleanup<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPM-Q-6xUIg7AeMEbYyVs17ANkLz_O73W5j2iPVHtWShowldteSZdwjGpmTEr3Rje60PYvtgmFhdQWt9854mZ_iwu9Vf5ORF5piqjK5HPf6_ksT-T3gvepKlNm51Lo4jhQqvhRabxOsNL3DQsoGBQolGtelBVPvFowi-3CAIU5H414zImzGXWBwOl-2A/s4032/tilled_2023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2268" data-original-width="4032" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPM-Q-6xUIg7AeMEbYyVs17ANkLz_O73W5j2iPVHtWShowldteSZdwjGpmTEr3Rje60PYvtgmFhdQWt9854mZ_iwu9Vf5ORF5piqjK5HPf6_ksT-T3gvepKlNm51Lo4jhQqvhRabxOsNL3DQsoGBQolGtelBVPvFowi-3CAIU5H414zImzGXWBwOl-2A/w135-h76/tilled_2023.jpg" width="135" /></a></div><br />Some farms are pretty.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">It’s
mid-April and as I write this the temperature outside is approaching 90F—unusual
up here in New England. Past experience has suggested that you don’t plant
vulnerable crops until Memorial Day to avoid a frost but that rubric is pretty
much gone. Spring has been coming earlier every year for some time to the point
we sometimes get a Hammer of God Heat Wave in May.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">But not
in April. Until this week when it nearly reached ninety. Today is, mercifully,
cooler but not all that much. After today, it’s supposed to move back towards
normal: 50-60F during the day and in the 40s at night. Still warm by “normal”
standards but in the ball park. Recall the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_April_Fool%27s_Day_blizzard">April
Fool’s Day Blizzard</a> back in 1997 when three feet of snow dropped on us.
Believe it or not, that was closer to normal. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Weather
in recent years has been a more warmish April, warm May, miserable cold and wet
late May-early June followed by a more or less hot summer towards the end of
September. In 1979, when I first moved up here, there was a hint of cold in the
middle of August and September was quite cool. That ship has sailed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Anyway, early
spring means early cleanup. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">I have
this idea of farms as working environments that are kept up for utilitarian
reasons rather than esthetics. The barn is painted but there’s always some
repair work needed. Equipment is stored in various places until needed. That
sort of thing. I don’t mean we have trucks up on blocks serving as chicken
houses or anything but sometimes things get away from us.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">This
makes spring cleanup an exercise in discouragement. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">I mean, by
now the place has been <i>trashed</i> by winter, even if the winter was
extraordinarily mild. And there is no reason to do the cleanup in January
because it’s just going to get trashed all over again. Been there. Done that. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">That
said, sometimes we go down into western Pennsylvania on the border of Amish
Country and I feel ashamed. Those farms are beautiful. As precise and square as
if they were outline by plumb lines and T-squares. I remember my cousins’ farms
and they were pretty, too. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We’ve
cleared up the big downed tree limbs but there remains an enormous amount of small
debris. Things that we blithely left out in the fall now glare at us, <i>daring</i>
us to clean them up. The grass hasn’t really started growing back and the lawn
looks like it’s been flattened by a roller. Not to mention, I have about three
tons of hickory wood to split and pile. Right now, it’s holding down the ground
next to the driveway.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Over the
course of the winter, things accumulate. Bits of trash blow over from garbage
removal and get trapped in the lawn or buried under the snow. That needs to be
cleaned up. We have a little dog and in the winter she makes her deposits on
the lawn. Anything that hasn’t melted into the grass has to be policed. The
compost added to the composter over the winter has suddenly woken up and made
itself known. It’s time for the spring mucking of the chicken house.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">And
we’re still in drought.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">I know
it’s not so declared in the news but that doesn’t change things. At this time,
in a “normal” year, the main garden is too wet to till. Not so, this year. We
have a wet basement that sumps out every few hours depending on the rain and
the water table. While I was tilling, every half an hour it poured five or ten
gallons into the soil only for it to disappear. This ground is <i>thirsty</i>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">My
mother and father were both from farming families. He, from Missouri, and she,
from New Mexico. The farming wisdom was wildly different between them to the
point that Missouri farmers planted in the top of the furrow to prevent seeds
from being washed away while New Mexico farmers planted in the furrow so the
seeds got as much water as possible. Mom had a phrase she used: “In the spring,
when the land rises,” that struck me. When the rains came, the land absorbed
the water and swelled. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We’ve
seen it here. Our land is built on ledge and bits peek up here and there. We
can tell how wet the ground is by how much rock is showing. This spring a <i>lot</i>
of rock is showing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><b><i>Sigh.</i></b>
Musn’t grumble.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We got
the tilling done. Most years we don’t till. We put down mulch and work around
it. But last year the ground was getting hard. What we <i>should</i> have done
was pick up a ton or so of horse manure and spread it over the garden, wait for
it to season, and till that in. But we didn’t. We were lazy. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">This
year, we cleaned up the garden, tilled it, added a little chemical
fertilizer—as an experiment since we’ve never done this—and then raked the
whole thing flat. Today, I plan on going out there and plant some peas. I’m
still too nervous to really start the garden <i>six weeks early</i>. But peas and
carrots should be fine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We have
two new <a href="https://birdiesgardenproducts.com/">Birdie boxes</a> coming on
line this year. One is to hold potatoes—we had good luck last year doing that
until the rodents figured out how to burrow inside. Since the bottom four
inches of the new boxes is filled with heavy gravel, we have hopes for this
year. The other one is to grow strawberries. We haven’t yet decided what to do
with last year’s Birdie box. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We’re
not planning to plant corn this year—which makes me sad. I just like growing
corn. But we have enough stored kernels we don’t need it. We’re going to try
for calories: potatoes, beans, squash, peas, and the like. The drought last
year was so bad over so much of the country, I’ll feel better if we have our
own calorie source. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We’re
also going to try <a href="https://getbusygardening.com/cattle-panel-trellis-diy/">fence panel trellises</a>.
Cattle fencing comes in panels that range in size. The panels we’re looking at
are 50 inches x 16 feet. The, you bend the panel lengthwise into an arch shape
and secure the bottom with <a href="https://www.lowes.com/pd/Expert-Edge-8-Pack-9-5-in-Steel-Steel-Edging-Stake/1001517966">landscape
stakes</a>. The arch shape should be good to grow things like cucumbers,
squash, or beans. We’re getting six of them to see how they work. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">The
hardest part will be transporting them home. 16 feet is <i>long</i>. I’m
renting a trailer. Stay tuned.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Many of
the trees are leafing out. The pears and stone fruits look heavy with buds. If
we don’t have a freeze, we might get a good crop of pears and a few peaches.
The persimmon looks happy, though as yet unleafed, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which is a big improvement. We got nearly
nothing last year. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We
replaced the line of plums with a line of quinces. But the falling hickory
broke off one. It’s growing back so we will see. The northernmost quince looked
fine and then one day just fell over. I don’t know what happened to it but
we’re replacing it anyway. The Cornelian Cherries are covered with yellow
blossoms and the cherry tree looks like it’s about to explode. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">The
apples look like they’re about to be eaten by caterpillars so I’ll be spraying
them soon. Three of the four paw-paws have flower buds so I’m hoping for many,
many paw-paws. I would love to have the problem of having so many that I have
to figure out how to store them.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">We planted
a couple of new fruit trees last year and, with the exception of the quince,
they look like they survived. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">That’s
all for now. I’m going out to plant peas.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"> </p>
<p></p>Steven Popkeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04370968065373235665noreply@blogger.com0